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JUDGE WAS BIASED AGAINST MOTHER WHO SOUGHT TO PREVENT THE IMMUNIZATION OF HER CHILDREN FOR RELIGIOUS REASONS.

The Second Department determined the Family Court judge was biased against mother who sought to prevent her children from being immunized for religious reasons:

Public Health Law § 2164, which requires that an adequate dose or doses of an immunizing agent against certain diseases be administered to children at various intervals, does not apply to children whose parent or parents hold genuine and sincere religious beliefs which are contrary to the practices required therein (see Public Health Law § 2164[9]). When a parent seeks to assert a religious objection to immunization under Public Health Law § 2164(9), he or she must prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that his or her opposition to immunization ” stems from genuinely-held religious beliefs'” … . * * *

Here, the record demonstrates that the Family Court had a predetermined outcome of the case in mind during the hearing. In addition to certain comments made by the court regarding the sincerity of the mother’s religious beliefs, the court took an adversarial stance, aggressively cross-examined the mother, continually interrupted her testimony, mocked her beliefs, and generally demonstrated bias. The Family Court’s bias unjustly affected the result of the hearing to the detriment of the mother. Matter of Baby Girl Z. (Yaroslava Z.), 2016 NY Slip Op 04425, 2nd Dept 6-8-16

FAMILY LAW (JUDGE WAS BIASED AGAINST MOTHER WHO SOUGHT TO PREVENT THE IMMUNIZATION OF HER CHILDREN FOR RELIGIOUS REASONS)/PUBLIC HEALTH LAW (JUDGE WAS BIASED AGAINST MOTHER WHO SOUGHT TO PREVENT THE IMMUNIZATION OF HER CHILDREN FOR RELIGIOUS REASONS)/JUDGES (JUDGE WAS BIASED AGAINST MOTHER WHO SOUGHT TO PREVENT THE IMMUNIZATION OF HER CHILDREN FOR RELIGIOUS REASONS)/PUBLIC HEALTH LAW (JUDGE WAS BIASED AGAINST MOTHER WHO SOUGHT TO PREVENT THE IMMUNIZATION OF HER CHILDREN FOR RELIGIOUS REASONS)/IMMUNIZATION (JUDGE WAS BIASED AGAINST MOTHER WHO SOUGHT TO PREVENT THE IMMUNIZATION OF HER CHILDREN FOR RELIGIOUS REASONS)/RELIGION (JUDGE WAS BIASED AGAINST MOTHER WHO SOUGHT TO PREVENT THE IMMUNIZATION OF HER CHILDREN FOR RELIGIOUS REASONS)

FAMILY COURT SHOULD NOT HAVE DENIED FATHER VISITATION BASED UPON FATHER’S BEHAVIOR WHEN MOTHER TESTIFIED; FUTURE VISITATION SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN CONDITIONED UPON DRUG SCREENINGS AND A MENTAL HEALTH EVALUATION.

The Second Department determined father’s in-court actions during mother’s testimony did not provide a sufficient basis for the denial of visitation to father. In addition, the Second Department found that Family Court improperly conditioned future visitation by father upon the results of drug screenings and a mental health evaluation:

… Family Court’s determination to deny the father visitation with the parties’ children is not supported by a sound and substantial basis in the record. ” [V]isitation is a joint right of the noncustodial parent and of the child'” … . “As a general rule, some form of visitation by the noncustodial parent is always appropriate, absent exceptional circumstances, such as those in which it would be inimical to the welfare of the child or where a parent in some manner has forfeited his or her right to such access'”… .

Here, the Family Court improperly based its determination to deny the father parental access upon the father’s in-court demeanor … , including his inability “to control his temper in open Court” and an instance in which he called the mother “a liar” as she testified. However, no correlation was made between the father’s in-court demeanor and any detrimental effect on the children … . * * *

The Family Court also erred in directing the father to submit to random drug and alcohol screens, test negative, and undergo a comprehensive mental health evaluation as conditions of future visitation. “A court hearing a pending proceeding or action involving issues of custody or visitation may properly order a mental health evaluation of a parent, if warranted, prior to making a custody or visitation determination” … . A court may also “direct a party to submit to counseling or treatment as a component of a visitation or custody order” … . A court may not, however, ” order that a parent undergo counseling or treatment as a condition of future visitation or reapplication for visitation rights'” … . Matter of Gonzalez v Ross, 2016 NY Slip Op 04413, 2nd Dept 6-8-16

FAMILY LAW (FAMILY COURT SHOULD NOT HAVE DENIED FATHER VISITATION BASED UPON FATHER’S BEHAVIOR WHEN MOTHER TESTIFIED; FUTURE VISITATION SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN CONDITIONED UPON DRUG SCREENINGS AND A MENTAL HEALTH EVALUATION)/VISITATION (FAMILY COURT SHOULD NOT HAVE DENIED FATHER VISITATION BASED UPON FATHER’S BEHAVIOR WHEN MOTHER TESTIFIED; FUTURE VISITATION SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN CONDITIONED UPON DRUG SCREENINGS AND A MENTAL HEALTH EVALUATION)

FAMILY COURT PROPERLY IMPOSED THREE CONSECUTIVE SIX-MONTH JAIL TERMS UPON FATHER WHO WILFULLY FAILED TO PAY CHILD SUPPORT.

The Court of Appeals, in a full-fledged opinion by Judge Garcia, determined Family Court had the power to order father to serve three consecutive six-month jail terms for willful failure to pay child support. Father never claimed an inability to pay:

The father in this case demonstrated the willful flaunting of support orders the Legislature sought to address in passing the Support Enforcement Act. Without making any attempt at an excuse for inability to pay, the father repeatedly failed to meet his court-ordered support obligations. His conduct resulted in a substantial amount owed in arrears and two suspended orders of commitment, one each in 2010 and 2012, for willfully violating Family Court support orders. Both suspended commitments were conditioned upon the father making timely child support payments. In 2013, Family Court found yet a third willful violation of a prior order, revoked the two suspended orders for the past violations, sentenced the father to a new six-month sentence, resulting in three consecutive six-month sentences. Once again, the father made no attempt to plead an inability to pay or seek modification of the support orders.

In ordering the term of incarceration, Family Court determined that the father willfully failed to comply with his child support obligations on three separate violation petitions and found good cause existed to revoke the father’s two suspended commitments. Matter of Columbia County Support Collection Unit v Risley, 2016 NY Slip Op 04325, CtApp 6-7-16

FAMILY LAW (FAMILY COURT PROPERLY IMPOSED THREE CONSECUTIVE SIX-MONTH JAIL TERMS UPON FATHER WHO WILFULLY FAILED TO PAY CHILD SUPPORT)/CHILD SUPPORT (FAMILY COURT PROPERLY IMPOSED THREE CONSECUTIVE SIX-MONTH JAIL TERMS UPON FATHER WHO WILFULLY FAILED TO PAY CHILD SUPPORT)

DISMISSAL WITHOUT A HEARING ON PETITION TO MODIFY CUSTODY ARRANGEMENT WAS ERROR.

The Third Department, reversing Family Court, determined the dismissal without a hearing of mother's petition for modification of the custody arrangement was error:

In her petition, the mother alleged, among other things, that the father was charged with reckless endangerment, vehicular assault and driving while intoxicated after he crashed a car in January 2015, thereby causing injury to himself and his three passengers. The mother also alleged that the father engaged in a course of conduct that alienated the children from her, that the children desired to spend more time with her and that her work schedule had become more flexible since completing her medical residency. If established after a hearing, these allegations could afford a basis for modifying the prior custodial arrangement and, thus, Family Court erred in dismissing the petition without first conducting a hearing … . Given that the mother's petition places both legal and physical custody in issue, we further note that if, after a hearing, the mother makes the requisite showing of a change in circumstances sufficient to warrant a best interests inquiry and Family Court determines that joint legal custody is not feasible, it is “'incumbent upon Family Court to determine a custodial arrangement based upon the best interests of the child[ren] despite the absence' of a petition definitively seeking sole custody” … . Matter of Engelhart v Bowman, 2016 NY Slip Op 04294, 3rd Dept 6-2-16

FAMILY LAW (DISMISSAL WITHOUT A HEARING OF PETITION TO MODIFY CUSTODY ARRANGEMENT WAS ERROR)/CUSTODY (DISMISSAL WITHOUT A HEARING OF PETITION TO MODIFY CUSTODY ARRANGEMENT WAS ERROR)

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FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH ALL THE NOTICE REQUIREMENTS FOR JUDICIAL SURRENDER OF PARENTAL RIGHTS WAS NOT A GROUND FOR VACATION OF THE JUDICIAL SURRENDER.

The Second Department, over a dissent, determined Family Court’s failure to strictly comply with all the notice requirements for judicial surrender of parental rights was not a ground for vacation of the judicial surrender:

Social Services Law § 383-c(3)(b) defines the procedures to be followed for the execution of judicial surrenders. Specifically, it requires the court to inform the parent of the right to legal counsel and to obtain supportive counseling, and to inform the parent of the consequences of the surrender, including the permanent loss of custodial rights and the immediate and irrevocable effect of the surrender. After informing the parent that the surrender becomes final and irrevocable upon its execution and acknowledgment, the court must provide the parent with a copy of the written instrument. * * *

A clear reading of the statute indicates that the failure by a court to orally advise a surrendering parent in open court of his/her right to supportive counseling is not a ground upon which a parent may rely when seeking to vacate or revoke a surrender. Pursuant to Social Services Law § 383-c(6)(d), the only available grounds for such relief are fraud, duress, or coercion. No such allegations are present in this case. Matter of Naquan L.G. (Carolyn C.), 2016 NY Slip Op 04218, 2nd Dept 6-1-16

FAMILY LAW (FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH ALL THE NOTICE REQUIREMENTS FOR JUDICIAL SURRENDER OF PARENTAL RIGHTS WAS NOT A GROUND FOR VACATION OF THE JUDICIAL SURRENDER)/PARENTAL RIGHTS (FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH ALL THE NOTICE REQUIREMENTS FOR JUDICIAL SURRENDER OF PARENTAL RIGHTS WAS NOT A GROUND FOR VACATION OF THE JUDICIAL SURRENDER)/JUDICIAL SURRENDER (PARENTAL RIGHTS, (FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH ALL THE NOTICE REQUIREMENTS FOR JUDICIAL SURRENDER OF PARENTAL RIGHTS WAS NOT A GROUND FOR VACATION OF THE JUDICIAL SURRENDER)/SOCIAL SERVICES LAW (JUDICIAL SURRENDER OF PARENTAL RIGHTS, FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH ALL THE NOTICE REQUIREMENTS FOR JUDICIAL SURRENDER OF PARENTAL RIGHTS WAS NOT A GROUND FOR VACATION OF THE JUDICIAL SURRENDER)

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FAMILY COURT SHOULD HAVE MADE NEGLECT FINDING ALLOWING JUVENILE TO PETITION FOR SPECIAL IMMIGRANT JUVENILE STATUS (SJIS).

The Second Department determined Family Court should have made the findings necessary for the juvenile to apply for Special Immigrant Juvenile Status (SJIS). Father’s domestic violence in the presence of the juvenile and one act of excessive corporal punishment constituted neglect and reunification with the father was, therefore, not viable:

… [A] “special immigrant” is a resident alien who, inter alia, is under 21 years of age, is unmarried, and has been legally committed to, or placed under the custody of, an individual appointed by a state or juvenile court. Additionally, for a juvenile to qualify for SIJS, a court must find that reunification of the juvenile with one or both of the juvenile’s parents is not viable due to parental abuse, neglect, abandonment, or a similar basis found under state law … , and that it would not be in the juvenile’s best interests to be returned to his or her native country or country of last habitual residence … . * * *

Acts of domestic violence in the presence of children may establish neglect … . Further, “[n]eglect may be established by even a single incident of excessive corporal punishment” … .

Here, the father’s conduct constituted neglect, which established that his reunification with the child is not viable. Matter of Ena S.Y. (Martha R.Y.–Antonio S.), 2016 NY Slip Op 04229, 2nd Dept 6-1-16

FAMILY LAW (FAMILY COURT SHOULD HAVE MADE NEGLECT FINDING ALLOWING JUVENILE TO PETITION FOR SPECIAL IMMIGRANT JUVENILE STATUS (SJIS))/IMMIGRATION LAW (FAMILY COURT SHOULD HAVE MADE NEGLECT FINDING ALLOWING JUVENILE TO PETITION FOR SPECIAL IMMIGRANT JUVENILE STATUS (SJIS))/SPECIAL IMMIGRANT JUVENILE STATUS (SJIS) (FAMILY COURT SHOULD HAVE MADE NEGLECT FINDING ALLOWING JUVENILE TO PETITION FOR SPECIAL IMMIGRANT JUVENILE STATUS (SJIS))

VISITATION PROPERLY GRANTED TO GRANDMOTHER DESPITE ANIMOSITY BETWEEN GRANDMOTHER AND FATHER.

The Second Department determined Family Court properly found grandmother was entitled to visitation. Animosity between father and grandmother is not a sufficient basis for denial of visitation:

” When a grandparent seeks visitation pursuant to Domestic Relations Law § 72(1), the court must make a two-part inquiry'”  … . “First, it must find that the grandparent has standing, based on, inter alia, equitable considerations” … . “If it concludes that the grandparent has established standing to petition for visitation, then the court must determine if visitation is in the best interests of the child” … . “In considering whether a grandparent has standing to petition for visitation based upon circumstances show[ing] that conditions exist which equity would see fit to intervene' (Domestic Relations Law § 72 [1]), an essential part of the inquiry is the nature and extent of the grandparent-grandchild relationship,' among other factors” … . The court must also consider ” the nature and basis of the parents' objection to visitation'” … . Matter of Seddio v Artura, 2016 NY Slip Op 04063, 2nd Dept 5-26-16

FAMILY LAW (VISITATION PROPERLY GRANTED TO GRANDMOTHER DESPITE ANIMOSITY BETWEEN GRANDMOTHER AND FATHER)/GRANDMOTHER, VISITATION RIGHTS (VISITATION PROPERLY GRANTED TO GRANDMOTHER DESPITE ANIMOSITY BETWEEN GRANDMOTHER AND FATHER)

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LIQUIDATED DAMAGES CLAUSE IN SEPARATION AGREEMENT CONSTITUTED AN UNENFORCEABLE PENALTY.

The Second Department determined the liquidated damages clause in a separation agreement constituted an unenforceable penalty. The clause provided that, upon a breach of any of the terms, child support would increase from $1500 per month to over $5000:

“[P]arties to an agreement may provide for the payment of liquidated damages upon its breach, and such damages will be upheld if (1) the amount fixed is a reasonable measure of the probable actual loss in the event of breach, and (2) the actual loss suffered is difficult to determine precisely. However, if the liquidated damages do not bear a reasonable proportion to the loss actually sustained by a breach, they will constitute an unenforceable penalty” … .

Here, the parties entered into a separation agreement … which was incorporated but not merged into the judgment of divorce. In relevant part, the agreement provided that … the defendant would pay $1,500 per month in child support until the date of the sale of the marital residence, and $5,076.29 per month thereafter. However, if at any time prior to the sale of the marital residence, the defendant was not in compliance with “all of the terms” of the agreement, then his child support obligation would be increased to $5,076.29 per month.

Contrary to the plaintiff's contention, the Supreme Court correctly determined that the subject provision, as drafted, constituted an unenforceable penalty clause … . Fitzpatrick v Fitzpatrick, 2016 NY Slip Op 04018, 2nd Dept 5-25-16

FAMILY LAW (LIQUIDATED DAMAGES CLAUSE IN SEPARATION AGREEMENT CONSTITUTED AN UNENFORCEABLE PENALTY)/CONTRACT LAW (LIQUIDATED DAMAGES CLAUSE IN SEPARATION AGREEMENT CONSTITUTED AN UNENFORCEABLE PENALTY)/DAMAGES  (LIQUIDATED DAMAGES CLAUSE IN SEPARATION AGREEMENT CONSTITUTED AN UNENFORCEABLE PENALTY)

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FAMILY COURT SHOULD HAVE GRANTED PETITION FOR GUARDIANSHIP AND MADE FINDINGS ALLOWING CHILD TO PETITION FOR SPECIAL IMMIGRANT JUVENILE STATUS.

The Second Department, reversing Family Court, determined the petition for guardianship of the child should have been granted, and Family Court should have made the findings necessary for the child to petition for Special Immigrant Juvenile Status (SIJS):

Here, the child is under the age of 21 and unmarried, and since we have appointed Daniel J. K. as the child's guardian, the child is dependent on a juvenile court within the meaning of 8 USC § 1101(a)(27)(J)(i) … . We further find that the record fully supports the child's contention that his reunification with the father is not a viable option due to parental neglect … . Lastly, the record reflects that it would not be in the child's best interests to be returned to El Salvador. Matter of Axel S.D.C. v Elena A.C., 2016 NY Slip Op 04046, 2nd Dept 5-25-16

FAMILY LAW (FAMILY COURT SHOULD HAVE GRANTED PETITION FOR GUARDIANSHIP AND MADE FINDINGS ALLOWING CHILD TO PETITION FOR SPECIAL IMMIGRANT JUVENILE STATUS)/IMMIGRATION LAW (FAMILY COURT SHOULD HAVE GRANTED PETITION FOR GUARDIANSHIP AND MADE FINDINGS ALLOWING CHILD TO PETITION FOR SPECIAL IMMIGRANT JUVENILE STATUS)/SPECIAL IMMIGRANT JUVENILE STATUS (FAMILY COURT SHOULD HAVE GRANTED PETITION FOR GUARDIANSHIP AND MADE FINDINGS ALLOWING CHILD TO PETITION FOR SPECIAL IMMIGRANT JUVENILE STATUS)

FAMILY COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY REFUSING TO ALLOW MOTHER TO APPEAR BY TELEPHONE FROM FLORIDA.

The Fourth Department determined Family Court, in a neglect proceeding, abused its discretion by refusing mother's request to appear by telephone:

The record establishes that the mother moved to Florida, with financial assistance from DSS, during the period between the fact-finding hearing and the dispositional hearing. She requested permission to make future appearances by telephone, and the court denied the request, citing “the facts and circumstances of the case” and its preference that the mother be present “as any party of the proceeding should be present.” While section 75-j does not require courts to allow testimony by telephone or electronic means in all cases … , we conclude that the ruling here, in which the court failed to consider the impact of the mother's limited financial resources on her ability to travel to New York, was an abuse of discretion … . Matter of Thomas B. (Calla B.), 2016 NY Slip Op 03640, 4th Dept, 5-6-16

FAMILY LAW (FAMILY COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY REFUSING TO ALLOW MOTHER TO APPEAR BY TELEPHONE FROM FLORIDA)/TELEPHONE, APPEARANCE BY (FAMILY COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY REFUSING TO ALLOW MOTHER TO APPEAR BY TELEPHONE FROM FLORIDA)

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