Family Law Archives - New York Appellate Digest

ORDER PROHIBITING DEFENDANT HUSBAND FROM DISPARAGING PLAINTIFF WIFE TO THIRD PARTIES WAS AN UNCONSTITUTIONAL PRIOR RESTRAINT OF SPEECH; ORDER SHOULD BE MODIFIED TO PROHIBIT DISPARAGING PLAINTIFF TO PLAINTIFF’S PATIENTS (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing (modifying) Supreme Court, determined the order issued in this divorce proceeding prohibiting defendant husband from discussing, demeaning or disparaging plaintiff wife to third parties was an unconstitutional prior restraint of speech. Plaintiff, a psychologist, wanted to prohibit defendant from talking to her patients. The Second Department held the order should be modified to limit the prohibition disparaging plaintiff to plaintiff’s patients:

The defendant correctly contends that the portion of the order granting that branch of the plaintiff’s motion which was for an order directing the defendant not to discuss, demean, or disparage the plaintiff to any third parties, including but not limited to the plaintiff’s patients, was an unconstitutional prior restraint on speech. A prior restraint on speech is a law, regulation or judicial order that suppresses speech on the basis of the speech’s content and in advance of its actual expression … . Any imposition of prior restraint, whatever the form, bears a “heavy presumption against its constitutional validity, and a party seeking to obtain such a restraint bears a correspondingly heavy burden of demonstrating justification for its imposition” … . An injunctive order issued in the area of First Amendment rights must be couched in the narrowest terms that will accomplish the pin-pointed objective permitted by constitutional mandate and the essential needs of the public order … . The order must be tailored as precisely as possible to the exact needs of the case … . Here, the Supreme Court’s prior restraint on speech was overbroad, and not tailored as precisely as possible to the exact needs of this case. The plaintiff, a psychologist, was concerned about damage to her professional reputation due to the defendant’s allegedly demeaning statements to her patients. The court’s objective can be achieved by modifying the order to provide only that the defendant shall not discuss, demean, or disparage the plaintiff to her patients … . Karantinidis v Karantinidis, 2020 NY Slip Op 05039, Second Dept 9-23-20

September 23, 2020/0 Comments/by Bruce Freeman

MOTHER’S APPLICATION TO CHANGE THE CHILD’S NAME BY ADDING MOTHER’S LAST NAME TO FATHER’S LAST NAME (HYPHENATED) WAS PROPERLY GRANTED (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department determined mother’s application to add her last name to the father’s last name for the child (hyphenated) was properly granted. Mother and father are separated and mother has sole custody. Having both last names will facilitate dealing with the child’s medical care:

Pursuant to Civil Rights Law article 6, an application to change a child’s name shall be granted as long as the court is satisfied that the petition is true, there is no reasonable objection to the proposed name change by the opposing party and the child’s interests will be substantially promoted by the change (see Civil Rights Law § 63 …). The evidence at the hearing demonstrated that the mother is the primary legal and physical custodian of the child, with the father having parenting time with the child every other weekend for a four-hour time period. The mother testified that the child suffers from a medical condition that requires frequent visits with medical providers and, because she does not presently share her surname with the child, this fact regularly presents confusion and difficultly when dealing not only with the child’s medical and insurance providers, but also with the child’s school, pharmacy and the various foundations where she has applied for grants pertaining to the child’s diagnosis. Moreover, the child recently started kindergarten, is “very curious” and has asked the mother numerous questions regarding his family, indicating a preference for his name to reflect both the mother’s and father’s family names. To that end, the mother indicated that she is not seeking to eliminate the father’s surname, but simply to add her surname to create a hyphenated last name that includes both the mother’s and the father’s surnames. Matter of Noah ZZ. (Amanda YY.–Ramon ZZ.), 2020 NY Slip Op 05007, Third Dept 9-17-20

September 17, 2020/0 Comments/by Bruce Freeman

Contract Law, Family Law, Fiduciary Duty, Trusts and Estates

THE CAUSE OF ACTION SEEKING THE IMPOSITION OF A CONSTRUCTIVE TRUST TO PREVENT UNJUST ENRICHMENT SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN DISMISSED; PLAINTIFF WIFE ENTERED A SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT REQUIRING PAYMENTS BY HER EX-HUSBAND; AFTER HER EX-HUSBAND’S DEATH HIS CHILDREN ALLEGEDLY EMPTIED THE ESTATE OF ASSETS, THEREBY PREVENTING THE FULFILLMENT OF THE TERMS OF THE SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the cause of action alleging the existence of a constructive trust to prevent unjust enrichment should not have been dismissed. Plaintiff and her deceased ex-husband entered a settlement agreement in which plaintiff would be entitled to certain payments until 2020 and 2023. Plaintiff’s ex-husband died in 2017 and the complaint alleged that all of the ex-husband’s assets had been removed from the estate by the husband’s children making it impossible for the terms of the settlement to be fulfilled:

The purpose of a constructive trust is to prevent unjust enrichment … . Accordingly, ” the constructive trust doctrine is given broad scope to respond to all human implications of a transaction in order to give expression to the conscience of equity and to satisfy the demands of justice'” … . ” A constructive trust is an equitable remedy, and may be imposed when property has been acquired in such circumstances that the holder of the legal title may not in good conscience retain the beneficial interest'” … .

Moreover, an agreement between spouses, such as the agreement and addendum here, involve a fiduciary relationship requiring the utmost good faith … . Since the agreement and addendum provide that, if necessary, the plaintiff could use the assets of Iannazzo’s [the ex-husband’s] estate to satisfy his obligations to her, and, thereafter, all of Iannazzo’s assets were transferred to the Trust before his death, his estate can provide no relief to the plaintiff and the obligations she is owed pursuant to the agreement and addendum will not be met. The plaintiff therefore adequately states a cause of action that the defendants would be unjustly enriched if the Trust is allowed to retain the portion of the assets now owned by the Trust that would satisfy the unmet obligations of Iannazzo and his estate pursuant to the agreement … . Derosa v Estate of Iannazzo, 2020 NY Slip Op 04917, Second Dept 9-16-20

September 16, 2020/0 Comments/by Bruce Freeman

Evidence, Family Law, Judges

WHETHER MOTHER MOVED MORE THAN 40 MILES WAS AN ISSUE IN THIS MODIFICATION OF CUSTODY ACTION; FAMILY COURT TOOK JUDICIAL NOTICE THAT THE MOVE WAS 39 MILES; THE DISSENT ARGUED FAMILY COURT DID NOT DISCLOSE THE BASIS OF THE JUDICIAL NOTICE WHICH PRECLUDED A CHALLENGE TO THE FINDING (THIRD DEPT).

he Third Department determined Family Court properly found that mother had not moved beyond the 40-mile limit imposed by the settlement agreement. The Family Court judge took judicial notice of the distance involved in the move which was determined to be 39 miles. The dissent argued Family Court erred in not specifying the basis for the judicial notice, thereby making it impossible to challenge:

From the dissent:

Although it is well settled that “‘a court may take judicial notice of facts which are capable of immediate and accurate determination by resort to easily accessible sources of undisputable accuracy'” … , judicial notice of a fact is improper when it is “from a hearsay source or from unidentifiable or nonindisputable sources outside the record or at a time subsequent to the close of testimony” … . Fundamental fairness thus dictates that a court, before it takes judicial notice of a fact, provide the parties with the basis for its notice and “afford the parties the opportunity to be heard as to the propriety of taking judicial notice in the particular instance” … . Otherwise, the determination of whether such fact is or is not “of common knowledge or determinable by resort to sources of indisputable accuracy” cannot be properly tested or reviewed … .

… .Family Court never disclosed the basis for its 39-mile calculation, and it announced that it was taking judicial notice of that “fact” after testimony had concluded and only in the context of its written decision. As such, the parties never had an opportunity to be heard on this issue or dispute the basis for such judicially noticed finding. Nor does the record reflect that Family Court had a factual basis for its conclusion that the relocation provision of the agreement — which the court itself recognized as ambiguous — required that the 40-mile radius be measured between the outermost borders of Deposit and Clarks Summit, rather than from the parties’ respective residences or some other location, particularly since the language of the agreement requires the mother’s residence for the children, and not the boundary line of Clarks Summit, to be within a 40-mile radius from an undetermined location in Deposit. Indeed, the testimony of both parties contradicts the court’s interpretation … . Matter of Lonny C v Elizabeth C., 2020 NY Slip Op 04620, Third Dept 8-20-20

August 20, 2020/by Bruce Freeman

Contract Law, Family Law

THE DEFENDANT’S SIGNATURE ON THE PRENUPTIAL AGREEMENT WAS NOT ACKNOWLEDGED UNTIL RIGHT BEFORE THE DIVORCE PROCEEDINGS, SEVEN YEARS AFTER PLAINTIFF’S SIGNATURE ON THE AGREEMENT WAS ACKNOWLEDGED; IN THIS CIRCUMSTANCE, THE PRENUPTIAL AGREEMENT MUST BE MUTUALLY REAFFIRMED TO BE VALID (FOURTH DEPT).

The Fourth Department, reversing Supreme Court, over a two-justice dissent, determined the prenuptial agreement was not valid and enforceable. The agreement was not acknowledged in front of a notary in 2011 by the defendant. Plaintiff had signed and acknowledged the agreement in 2011. Seven years later, right before the divorce proceedings, defendant had his signature acknowledged and he filed the agreement:

… [W]e conclude that, when an acknowledgment is missing from a nuptial agreement, an acknowledgment and a reaffirmation by the parties is required to cure the defect. To hold otherwise would permit a spouse to act unilaterally to cure the lack of his or her acknowledgment at some later date, and would thereby permit that spouse to choose, based on circumstances that may have changed in ways unanticipated by the other spouse at the time of the initial signing of the agreement, whether to acknowledge the agreement and make it enforceable or to leave it unacknowledged and defective. When the parties mutually sign and acknowledge the agreement, it is clear that they are mutually binding themselves to the weighty decisions that they deliberated on. Thus, in order for the acknowledgment to have true significance and purpose, it must be done contemporaneously with the parties’ signatures or, if the acknowledgment occurs at a later date, the agreement must be mutually reaffirmed by the parties … . Anderson v Anderson, 2020 NY Slip Op 04640, Fourth Dept 8-20-20

August 20, 2020/by Bruce Freeman

Appeals, Contract Law, Evidence, Family Law

THE ORAL STIPULATION OF SETTLEMENT IN THIS DIVORCE ACTION IS INVALID AND UNENFORCEABLE (FOURTH DEPT).

The Fourth Department, reversing Supreme Court, over a dissent, determined the oral stipulation of settlement in this divorce action is invalid and unenforceable. The dissent argued defendant wife was not aggrieved because the parties contentions were resolved by the stipulation which was incorporated into the judgment of divorce:

… [T]he parties placed on the record an oral stipulation of settlement that, inter alia, provided for the distribution of the marital property. Although the oral stipulation contemplated the signing of a postnuptial agreement, defendant wife refused to sign such an agreement. Nevertheless, Supreme Court issued a judgment that acknowledged that the parties had placed on the record in open court an oral stipulation resolving all disputed issues, and that provided, inter alia, that the oral stipulation was incorporated but not merged into the judgment. …

We agree with defendant that the oral stipulation rendered in open court did not satisfy the requirements of Domestic Relations Law § 236 (B) (3), and it is therefore invalid and unenforceable. “In matrimonial actions . . . an open court stipulation is unenforceable absent a writing that complies with the requirements for marital settlement agreements” … . “More particularly, to be valid and enforceable, marital settlement agreements must be in writing, subscribed by the parties, and acknowledged or proven in the manner required to entitle a deed to be recorded’ … . McGovern v McGovern, 2020 NY Slip Op 04635, Fourth Dept 8-20-20

August 20, 2020/by Bruce Freeman

Evidence, Family Law, Judges

FAMILY COURT RESOLVED CONFLICTING EVIDENCE AND CREDIBILITY ISSUES WITHOUT A HEARING, FAILED TO ACCEPT ALLEGATIONS IN A PRO SE MODIFICATION OF CUSTODY PETITION AS TRUE, IMPOSED A SANCTION FOR A VIOLATION OF A CUSTODY ORDER WHICH IS NOT ALLOWED BY THE CONTROLLING STATUTES, AND FAILED TO TAKE THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILDREN INTO ACCOUNT (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, reversing Family Court, noted several errors in these proceedings which began with father’s violation of custody petitioner followed by two modification of custody petitions by mother. All the petitions were brought pro se. Family Court erred: (1) in dismissing mother’s modification petitions without a hearing; (2) in failing to accept as true and liberally construe mother’s pro se allegations; (3) in making factual findings and credibility determinations in the absence of a hearing on the modification petitions; (4) and in imposing an impermissible sanction on mother for an alleged violation of a custody order:

Family Court did not liberally construe the mother’s pro se petitions, accept her allegations as true, afford her the benefit of every possible inference or resolve credibility issues in her favor when determining the motions to dismiss. …

… [R]ather than accept the mother’s allegations as true, Family Court improperly made factual findings and credibility determinations, inappropriately resolving the conflicting versions of events, as set forth in the mother’s petitions and the father’s supporting affidavits, against the mother and in favor of the father … . …

… [T]he only available penalty that Family Court may impose for a willful violation of a custodial order without a concurrent modification petition pending is a monetary fine and/or a period of imprisonment (see Judiciary Law § 753 [A]; Family Ct Act § 156 …). However, Family Court sanctioned the mother by modifying the joint legal order of custody and granting the father sole legal custody of the children without determining whether there had been a change in circumstances. In addition, Family Court failed to engage in any discernible analysis of whether a modification was in the best interests of the children. Matter of Gerard P. v Paula P., 2020 NY Slip Op 04515, Third Dept 8-13-20

August 13, 2020/by Bruce Freeman

Attorneys, Civil Procedure, Family Law

ABSENT PROOF OF SERVICE OF THE SUPPORT MAGISTRATE’S ORDER ON FATHER OR FATHER’S COUNSEL, THE TIME FOR FILING OBJECTIONS TO THE ORDER NEVER BEGAN RUNNING (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Family Court, determined the time for filing objections to the order of the Support Magistrate never started to run because there was no evidence the order was served or mailed, notwithstanding father’s possession of the order:

Pursuant to Family Court Act § 439(e), objections to an order of a Support Magistrate must be filed within 30 days after the date on which the order is provided to the objecting party in court or by personal service, or within 35 days after the date in which the order is mailed to the objecting party … . When a party is represented by counsel, the 35-day time requirement does not begin to run until the final order is mailed to counsel … . Here, the father and the father’s prior counsel indicated that neither of them received the Support Magistrate’s order by either personal service or mail. In addition, there is no evidence in the record demonstrating that the Support Magistrate’s order was mailed or personally served on the father’s counsel. Since there is no evidence in the record indicating that the Support Magistrate’s order was personally served or mailed to the father’s counsel … , the time in which the father was required to file his objections never began to run … . Contrary to the Family Court’s determination, the father’s actual possession of the Support Magistrate’s order, which prior counsel indicated was obtained from the Family Court record room, is not dispositive, as the time limitations of Family Court Act § 439(e) do not begin to run until service is effectuated in accordance therewith … . Hughes v Lugo, 2020 NY Slip Op 04308, Second Dept 7-29-20

July 29, 2020/by Bruce Freeman

Family Law

MOTHER, WHO OPPOSES VACCINATING THE CHILD, SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN AWARDED MEDICAL DECISION-MAKING AUTHORITY (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing (modifying) Family Court, determined mother, who opposes vaccination of the child, should not have been awarded medical decision-making authority:

Here, the child, by his attorney … , asserts that the mother should not have medical decision-making authority over him. The mother opposes vaccinating the child. However, at the hearing, the father testified that he would innoculate the child for diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis, and measles, mumps, and rubella, expressed concern that the child could become infected and young and elderly members of his family were at risk due to the child’s lack of immunization against “highly contagious preventable diseases,” and further noted that his younger child had received a “full set” of vaccinations. The forensic evaluator recommended that the father should be awarded medical decision-making authority due to his position on vaccinations which was safer for the child, a position which was entitled to some weight … . Under the circumstances, the determination of the Family Court to award the mother medical decision-making authority did not have a sound an substantial basis in the record, and the father should have been awarded medical decision-making authority … . Matter of Ednie v Haniquet, 2020 NY Slip Op 04305, Second Dept 7-29-20

July 29, 2020/by Bruce Freeman

Appeals, Family Law

THE ATTORNEY FOR THE CHILD (AFC) TOOK AND ADVOCATED POSITIONS WHICH WERE CONTRARY TO THE WISHES OF THE CHILDREN; NEW CUSTODY HEARING ORDERED WITH A NEW AFC (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, in a full-fledged opinion by Justice Christopher, determined the attorney for the children (AFC) took a position contrary to the children’s wishes in this custody action, requiring a new hearing and the appointment of a new AFC:

An AFC is required to “zealously advocate the child’s position” (22 NYCRR 7.2[d] … ). In order to determine the child’s wishes, the AFC must “consult with and advise the child to the extent of and in a manner consistent with the child’s capacities, and have a thorough knowledge of the child’s circumstances” (22 NYCRR 7.2[d][1]). The rules further state that ” the [AFC] should be directed by the wishes of the child, even if the [AFC] believes that what the child wants is not in the child’s best interests’ and that the [AFC] should explain fully the options available to the child, and may recommend to the child a course of action that in the [AFC]’s view would best promote the child’s interests'” … . * * *

… [T]he AFC’s representation was in direct contravention of her clients’ stated parameters. Throughout the course of the proceedings, she failed to advocate on behalf of her clients, who were 13 and 11 years old at the time of the hearing, and who were both on the high honor roll and involved in extracurricular activities. The AFC actively pursued a course of litigation aimed at opposing their stated positions. She joined the plaintiff in opposing the introduction of evidence and witnesses in support of the defendant’s case. When the defendant sought to introduce evidence in defense of the plaintiff’s allegations that the defendant provided the children with unnecessary medical care, the AFC joined the plaintiff in opposing the introduction of the defendant’s evidence. The AFC also opposed the introduction of evidence that may have supported one child’s claim that the plaintiff attempted to strangle her. The AFC objected to the testimony of school personnel for the purpose of explaining the children’s seemingly excessive school absences. The AFC’s questions of the plaintiff during cross-examination were designed to elicit testimony in support of the plaintiff’s case, in opposition to her clients’ wishes. Silverman v Silverman, 2020 NY Slip Op 04338, Second Dept 7-29-20

July 29, 2020/by Bruce Freeman

ORDER PROHIBITING DEFENDANT HUSBAND FROM DISPARAGING PLAINTIFF WIFE TO THIRD PARTIES WAS AN UNCONSTITUTIONAL PRIOR RESTRAINT OF SPEECH; ORDER SHOULD BE MODIFIED TO PROHIBIT DISPARAGING PLAINTIFF TO PLAINTIFF’S PATIENTS (SECOND DEPT).

MOTHER’S APPLICATION TO CHANGE THE CHILD’S NAME BY ADDING MOTHER’S LAST NAME TO FATHER’S LAST NAME (HYPHENATED) WAS PROPERLY GRANTED (THIRD DEPT).

WHETHER MOTHER MOVED MORE THAN 40 MILES WAS AN ISSUE IN THIS MODIFICATION OF CUSTODY ACTION; FAMILY COURT TOOK JUDICIAL NOTICE THAT THE MOVE WAS 39 MILES; THE DISSENT ARGUED FAMILY COURT DID NOT DISCLOSE THE BASIS OF THE JUDICIAL NOTICE WHICH PRECLUDED A CHALLENGE TO THE FINDING (THIRD DEPT).

THE DEFENDANT’S SIGNATURE ON THE PRENUPTIAL AGREEMENT WAS NOT ACKNOWLEDGED UNTIL RIGHT BEFORE THE DIVORCE PROCEEDINGS, SEVEN YEARS AFTER PLAINTIFF’S SIGNATURE ON THE AGREEMENT WAS ACKNOWLEDGED; IN THIS CIRCUMSTANCE, THE PRENUPTIAL AGREEMENT MUST BE MUTUALLY REAFFIRMED TO BE VALID (FOURTH DEPT).

THE ORAL STIPULATION OF SETTLEMENT IN THIS DIVORCE ACTION IS INVALID AND UNENFORCEABLE (FOURTH DEPT).

ABSENT PROOF OF SERVICE OF THE SUPPORT MAGISTRATE’S ORDER ON FATHER OR FATHER’S COUNSEL, THE TIME FOR FILING OBJECTIONS TO THE ORDER NEVER BEGAN RUNNING (SECOND DEPT).

MOTHER, WHO OPPOSES VACCINATING THE CHILD, SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN AWARDED MEDICAL DECISION-MAKING AUTHORITY (SECOND DEPT).

THE ATTORNEY FOR THE CHILD (AFC) TOOK AND ADVOCATED POSITIONS WHICH WERE CONTRARY TO THE WISHES OF THE CHILDREN; NEW CUSTODY HEARING ORDERED WITH A NEW AFC (SECOND DEPT).

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