Administrative Law – New York Appellate Digest

Administrative Law, Appeals, Land Use, Municipal Law, Zoning

A ZONING BOARD OF APPEALS IS WITHOUT JURISDICTION ABSENT AN APPEAL FROM AN ORDER OR OTHER DETERMINATION BY AN ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICIAL CHARGED WITH ENFORCING THE ZONING CODE (FOURTH DEPT).

The Fourth Department, reversing Supreme Court, noted that a Zoning Board of Appeals has no jurisdiction unless there is an appeal from an order or decision or determination made by an administrative official charged with enforcement of zoning ordinances:

Pursuant to the Code of the Town of Webster, absent an “order, requirement, decision or determination by any administrative official of the Town” charged with the enforcement of the Town’s local zoning ordinance, the ZBA is without jurisdiction to hear an appeal … . * * *

…[W]e conclude on this record that there was no determination … affording jurisdiction to the ZBA to hear petitioner’s appeal … . Matter of Webster Citizens for Appropriate Land Use, Inc. v Town of Webster, 2021 NY Slip Op 07370, Fourth Dept 12-23-21

December 23, 2021/0 Comments/by Bruce Freeman

Administrative Law, Appeals, Civil Procedure, Constitutional Law, Public Health Law

AN APPELLATE COURT HAS THE POWER TO CONSIDER A REQUEST FOR A DECLARATORY JUDGMENT WHICH WAS NOT BEFORE THE MOTION COURT; THE REGULATION MANDATING CERTAIN VACCINES DOES NOT VIOLATE THE SEPARATION OF POWERS DOCTRINE OR EXCEED THE REGULATORY POWERS OF THE NYS DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH (FOURTH DEPT).

The Fourth Department, in a full-fledged, comprehensive opinion by justice NeMoyer which cannot be fairly summarized here, held the appellate court had the power to determine a request for a declaratory judgment which was not raised in the motion court, and the regulation mandating certain vaccines, 10 NYCRR 66-1.1(1) , does not violate the separation of powers doctrine or exceed the regulatory powers of the NYS Department of Health:

The legislature has determined that vaccines save lives. It has therefore established a mandatory “program of immunization . . . to raise to the highest reasonable level the immunity of the children of the state against communicable diseases” (Public Health Law § 613 [1] [a]). And by promulgating 10 NYCRR 66-1.1 (l), respondents-defendants-appellants (defendants) merely implemented the legislature’s policy in a manner entirely consistent with the legislative design. We therefore hold that 10 NYCRR 66-1.1 (l) is valid, does not violate the separation of powers doctrine, and does not exceed the authority of its promulgator. Matter of Kerri W.S. v Zucker, 2021 NY Slip Op 07349, Fourth Dept 12-23-21

December 23, 2021/0 Comments/by Bruce Freeman

Administrative Law, Pistol Permits

THE PISTOL LICENSING SERVICE’S DENIAL OF PETITIONER’S APPLICATION FOR A PISTOL LICENSE HAD A RATIONAL BASIS AND SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN ANNULLED (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the Pistol License Section’s (PLS’s) denial of petitioner’s application for a pistol licenses had a rational basis and should not have been annulled:

… [T]he denial of the petitioner’s application for a pistol license had a rational basis and was not arbitrary and capricious. The PLS’s investigation of the petitioner’s application revealed a lengthy history of domestic incidents that involved, at various points, the petitioner, the petitioner’s wife, a close family member of the petitioner, and the close family member’s domestic partner. These incidents included heated verbal disputes, arguments where property was damaged, shoving matches, and a situation where the close family member wielded a loaded shotgun in the presence of police officers. During many of these incidents, the close family member was intoxicated; in several others, the close family member threatened suicide. These incidents provided a rational basis for denying the petitioner’s application … . Moreover, the petitioner’s rationale for not disclosing these incidents to the PLS—that the close family member was not a member of the petitioner’s “household” because the close family member lived in an allegedly private basement apartment in the petitioner’s home—was misleading and provided a “rational basis for the [PLS] to conclude that [the] petitioner did not meet the good moral character standard” … . Matter of Franzese v Ryder, 2021 NY Slip Op 07285, Second Dept 12-22-21

December 22, 2021/by Bruce Freeman

Administrative Law, Land Use, Zoning

THE PLANNING BOARD DID NOT HAVE THE AUTHORITY TO WAIVE OR IGNORE THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE VILLAGE ZONING CODE; THE SPECIAL USE PERMIT SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN ISSUED AND THE SITE PLAN SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN APPROVED (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department determined the planning board abused its discretion in issuing a special permit and approving a site plan for a plant nursery and arborist business. To issue the special permit, the planning board improperly waived a requirement that the business have frontage and access to two major roads. The approve the site plan, the planning board which violated the village zoning law:

One of the requirements of the special use permit at issue was that the arborist service, landscape services and/or wholesale nursery “shall have frontage on and practical access to two major roads” (Code of the Village of Wesley Hills [hereinafter Village Code] § 230-26[N][2]). Here, the Planning Board abused its discretion by waiving this requirement and deeming “practical access” to a second major road unnecessary. …

… A local planning board has broad discretion in deciding applications for site plan approvals, and judicial review is limited to determining whether the board’s action was illegal, arbitrary and capricious, or an abuse of discretion … . Village Code § 230-45 states that the Planning Board “shall not approve a site plan unless it shall find that such plan conforms [with] the requirements of [the Village Zoning Law].” Since the Village Zoning Law requires that a lot in the R—35 zoning district have a maximum gross impervious surface ratio of .25 (see Village Code § 230 Attachment I), the Planning Board abused its discretion in approving the site plan, which had a proposed gross impervious surface ratio of .44. Matter of Marcus v Planning Bd. of the Vil. of Wesley Hills, 2021 NY Slip Op 06618, Second Dept 11-24-21

November 24, 2021/by Bruce Freeman

Administrative Law, Freedom of Information Law (FOIL)

THE DENIAL OF THE FOIL REQUEST DID NOT ADVISE PETITIONER OF THE AVAILABILITY OF AN ADMINSTRATIVE APPEAL; THEREFORE SUPREME COURT SHOULD NOT HAVE DISMISSED THE ARTICLE 78 PETITION FOR FAILURE TO EXHAUST ADMINISTRATIVE REMEDIES (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the Article 78 petition seeking the production of documents should not have been dismissed on the ground petitioner failed to exhaust administrative remedies. When the FOIL request was denied the denial did not advise petitioner of the availability of an administrative appeal:

Public Officers Law § 89(3)(a) and (4)(a) requires that FOIL requests be granted or denied by an agency within five business days, and that any administrative appeal of a denial, as required for exhausting administrative remedies, be undertaken within 30 days of the denial. 21 NYCRR 1401.7(b) further requires, however, that “[d]enial of access shall be in writing stating the reason therefor and advising the person denied access of his or her right to appeal to the person or body designated to determine appeals, and that person or body shall be identified by name, title, business address and business telephone number. The records access officer shall not be the appeals officer.” Since there is no dispute that the subject denial of the petitioner’s FOIL request failed to advise the petitioner of the availability of an administrative appeal and the person to whom the appeal should be directed as required by 21 NYCRR 1401.7(b), the Supreme Court erred in dismissing the petition for failure to exhaust administrative remedies … . Matter of Snyder v Nassau County, 2021 NY Slip Op 06359, Second Dept 11-17-21

November 17, 2021/by Bruce Freeman

Administrative Law, Land Use, Zoning

THE ADMINISTRATIVE RECORD SUPPORTED THE GRANT OF THE ARIA VARIANCE BY THE ZONING BOARD OF APPEALS; SUPREME COURT SHOULD NOT HAVE SUBSTITUTED ITS JUDGMENT FOR THE BOARD’S (FOURTH DEPT).

The Fourth Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the zoning board of appeals (ZBA) properly granted an area variance and Supreme Court should not have substituted its judgment for the board’s:

The administrative record and the ZBA’s formal return in the CPLR article 78 proceeding establish that the ZBA considered the five statutory factors, including whether the alleged difficulty was self-created … . Thus, we conclude that the ZBA “rendered its determination after considering the appropriate factors and properly weighing the benefit to the [applicants] against the detriment to the health, safety and welfare of the neighborhood or community” if the variance was granted … . We further conclude that the record establishes that the ZBA’s determination had the requisite rational basis … . It was therefore error for the court to substitute its judgment for that of the ZBA, “even if such a contrary determination is itself supported by the record” … . Matter of Gasparino v Town of Brighton Zoning Bd. of Appeals, 2021 NY Slip Op 06239, Fourth Dept 11-12-21

November 12, 2021/by Bruce Freeman

Administrative Law, Employment Law, Evidence

THE DIRECTOR OF THE DIVISION OF MINORITY AND WOMEN’S BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT ERRONEOUSLY IGNORED THE EVIDENCE PRESENTED AT THE HEARING BEFORE AN ADMINSTRATIVE LAW JUDGE WHICH DEMONSTRATED PETITIONER MET THE CRITERIA FOR A WOMEN-OWNED BUSINESS ENTERPRISE (WBE) (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, annulling the determination of the Division of Minority and Women’s Business Development of the Department of Economic Development (the Division), found the petitioner had demonstrated it met the criteria for certification as a woman-owned business enterprise (WBE). In its contrary ruling, the Division erroneously ignored the evidence presented at the hearing before the Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) which had ruled in favor of the petitioner:

Petitioner contends that the determination should be annulled because the Director refused to consider the testimonial evidence introduced at the administrative hearing in assessing the regulatory factors, and we agree. … [F]ollowing a determination denying an application for certification as a WBE, the applicant is, upon written request, entitled to an administrative hearing before an independent hearing officer … . The hearing officer must thereafter conduct the hearing based upon the information included in the request for a hearing as it relates to the information that was provided by the applicant with its certification application, and each party must be accorded a full opportunity to present evidence, including calling witnesses and cross-examining other parties and their witnesses … . The hearing officer may also “request additional information and take other actions necessary to make an informed decision” … , which ultimately must be based upon his or her “consideration of the record as a whole or such portion thereof as may be cited by any party to the proceeding and as supported by and in accordance with substantial evidence” … .

The proof adduced at the administrative hearing was highly relevant to the issue of whether petitioner met the criteria for WBE certification. Matter of Scherzi Sys., LLC v White, 2021 NY Slip Op 05143, Third Dept 9-30-21

September 30, 2021/by Bruce Freeman

Administrative Law, Employment Law, Municipal Law

THE 3RD DEPARTMENT ANNULLED THE DETERMINATION OF THE PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS BOARD (PERB) WHICH FOUND THAT THE FIREFIGHTERS DID NOT DEMONSTRATE THE CITY FAILED TO NEGOTIATE BEFORE UNILATERALLY IMPOSING A SALARY REDUCTION (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, reversing the Public Employment Relations Board (PERB), determined the city did not fulfill its obligation to negotiate a change in salary for its firefighters:

PERB acknowledged petitioners’ claims that the City made a unilateral determination to end the past practice of paying night differential, check-in pay and holiday pay in calculating regular wages and benefits to current employees should they receive General Municipal Law § 207-a (2) benefits in the future, but rejected those contentions upon the ground that petitioners had only documented the City’s intent to discontinue those payments with regard to retirees to whom it owed no duty to bargain. … The parties … orally stipulated at the hearing … that “those affected [by the City’s unilateral change in benefits] are those in the unit as of the alleged unilateral change,” necessarily referring to current employees who are members of the bargaining units rather than the retirees who are not … . The parties later reinforced that point by stipulating that the unilateral change was made “in a uniform[] fashion to all members of both bargaining units,” again using language necessarily referring to current employees to whom the City owes a duty to bargain. In the absence of any indication that counsel lacked authority to enter into those unambiguous factual stipulations or that some cause sufficient to invalidate a contract existed for setting the stipulations aside, they are binding … . Thus, as the parties stipulated that the City’s unilateral actions impacted current employees in the bargaining units, PERB’s finding that the record was barren of proof on that point is not supported by substantial evidence, and it follows that PERB’s determination must be annulled … . Matter of Uniformed Fire Officers Assn. of the City of Yonkers v New York State Pub. Empl. Relations Bd., 2021 NY Slip Op 05144, Third Dept 9-30-21

September 30, 2021/by Bruce Freeman

Administrative Law, Civil Procedure, Land Use, Municipal Law, Zoning

THE FINDING BY THE BOARD OF ZONING APPEALS WAS NEVER FILED AS REQUIRED BY THE GENERAL CITY LAW; THEREFORE THE 60-DAY TIME LIMIT FOR CONTESTING THE RULING NEVER STARTED TO RUN (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the 60-day statute of limitation for contesting a ruling of the board of zoning appeals (BZA) never started to run because the ZBA’s finding was never filed:

General City Law § 81-a (5) (a) imposes an affirmative duty on administrative officials charged with the enforcement of a local zoning law or ordinance in mandating that “[e]ach order, requirement, decision, interpretation or determination . . . shall be filed. . . within five business days from the day it is rendered, and shall be a public record” … . General City Law § 81-a (5) (b) states that “[a]n appeal shall be taken within [60] days after the filingof any order, requirement, decision, interpretation or determination of the administrative official, by filing with such administrative official and with the board of appeals a notice of appeal, specifying the grounds thereof and the relief sought” (… see Code of the City of Ithaca § 325-40 [B] [1] [e]). Upon review of the record, it is impossible to ascertain exactly when the Planning Board determined that variances were not necessary. However, it is undisputed that no determination of such finding was ever filed. As General City Law § 81-a (5) (b) plainly provides that the time period for commencing a review proceeding is to be measured from the filing, and there was no filing, the time period for the administrative appeal never began to run … . Matter of Grout v Visum Dev. Group LLC, 2021 NY Slip Op 04997, Third Dept 9-16-21

September 16, 2021/by Bruce Freeman

Administrative Law, Civil Procedure, Election Law, Evidence

SUPREME COURT PROPERLY ANNULLED THE ELECTION BOARD’S DESIGNATION OF AN EARLY VOTING POLLING PLACE BECAUSE THE BOARD DID NOT DEMONSTRATE THE LOCATION MET THE ELECTION LAW REQUIREMENTS MANDATING A LOCATION ACCESSIBLE TO CITY RESIDENTS (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, in a full-fledged opinion by Justice Garry, determined Supreme Court properly annulled the determination of the Rensselaer County Board of Elections designating an early voting polling pace pursuant to Election Law section 8-600. The 3rd Department also granted the motion to intervene in the Article 78 proceeding brought by the NAACP and three minority and/or disabled residents who argued for a polling place accessible to city residents dependent on public transportation:

… [I]n designating early voting polling places, the Board “shall have at least one polling place” in the City (as Rensselaer County’s most populous municipality) and, because the City has public transportation, “such polling place shall be situated along such transportation routes” (Election Law § 8-600 [2] [a]). Election Law § 8-600 (2) (e) further states that any early voting polling place “shall be located so that voters in the county have adequate and equitable access, taking into consideration population density, travel time to the polling place, proximity to other early voting poll sites, public transportation routes, commuter traffic patterns and such other factors the board of elections deems appropriate” (see 9 NYCRR 6211.1 [c]). * * *

… [W]e conclude that the Board did not adequately address “whether the early voting site[s are] on or near public transportation” (9 NYCRR 6211.1 [c] [2] [iv]). The failure to address that mandatory factor “precludes meaningful review of the rationality of” the Board’s siting determination, renders the decision arbitrary and capricious and, by itself, warrants annulment … . The Board failed to meaningfully address most of the other factors as well. Accordingly, Supreme Court properly granted the petition and annulled the Board’s determination designating early voting polling places for the 2021 election … . Matter of People of the State of New York v Schofield, 2021 NY Slip Op 04785, Third Dept 8-26-21

August 25, 2021/by Bruce Freeman