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FIVE HOUR BREAK SUFFICIENT TO DISSIPATE EFFECT OF THE MIRANDA VIOLATION.

The First Department determined Supreme Court properly denied suppression of the February 5th statement, as well as the first portion of the July 11th videotaped statement by the defendant, despite the suppression of statements made five or six hours earlier on July 11. The videotaped statement was deemed sufficiently attenuated from the inadmissible statements:

Defendant’s videotaped statement was made approximately five hours after the initial Miranda violation. Much shorter breaks have been found sufficient to dissipate the taint of a Miranda violation … . In addition, “defendant had demonstrated an unqualified desire to speak” … , seemed alert and relaxed in the video, and did not appear nervous or intimidated. Indeed, he was even “laughing on occasion.”

Defendant had been Mirandized after his first encounter with the police concerning the case, on February 5. Further, the ADA — who had not participated in the earlier interrogation — was the sole questioner in the admitted portion of the video. Although two of the detectives who had conducted the earlier interrogation were present, they did not participate in the questioning in the admitted segment. Notably, the court suppressed any references to the suppressed statements made earlier on July 11th, as well as the later portion of the video in which the detectives participated in questioning … . People v Richardson, 2017 NY Slip Op 01304, 1st Dept 2-21-17

 

CRIMINAL LAW (FIVE HOUR BREAK SUFFICIENT TO DISSIPATE EFFECT OF THE MIRANDA VIOLATION)/EVIDENCE (CRIMINAL LAW, FIVE HOUR BREAK SUFFICIENT TO DISSIPATE EFFECT OF THE MIRANDA VIOLATION)/SUPPRESSION (CRIMINAL LAW, FIVE HOUR BREAK SUFFICIENT TO DISSIPATE EFFECT OF THE MIRANDA VIOLATION)/MIRANDA VIOLATION (CRIMINAL LAW, FIVE HOUR BREAK SUFFICIENT TO DISSIPATE EFFECT OF THE MIRANDA VIOLATION)/STATEMENTS (CRIMINAL LAW, FIVE HOUR BREAK SUFFICIENT TO DISSIPATE EFFECT OF THE MIRANDA VIOLATION)

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THREATENING TO CALL SOMEONE TO HAVE VICTIM BEATEN UP MET THE THREAT OF IMMEDIATE USE OF PHYSICAL FORCE ELEMENT OF ROBBERY.

The First Department, in a full-fledged opinion by Justice Acosta, determined the evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s robbery second and grand larceny fourth convictions. Defendant told the victim (Diaz) she would have him beaten up if he didn’t give her $20. The court held the victim had been threatened with immediate use of force within the meaning of the statute:

With respect to defendant’s robbery conviction, the evidence demonstrates that defendant threatened Diaz with the immediate use of physical force. Pursuant to Penal Law § 160.00(1), a person is guilty of robbery “when, in the course of committing a larceny, he uses or threatens the immediate use of physical force upon another person for the purpose of . . . [p]reventing or overcoming resistance to the taking of the property or to the retention thereof immediately after the taking.” However, “[t]he statute does not require the use of any words whatsoever, but merely that there be a threat, whatever its nature, of the immediate use of physical force” … . There is also no requirement that a weapon be displayed or that the victim be physically injured to demonstrate that there was a threat of immediate physical force … . Further, the threat of the immediate use of force may be demonstrated by “a chain of actions on the part of [the] defendant” … .

Diaz testified that he gave defendant the $20 because he was “scared” after defendant … prevented him from leaving and defendant explicitly threatened him that if he did not comply, her boyfriend would beat him up. Defendant then went to speak to a man who gestured that he was going to call someone … . People v Villanueva, 2017 NY Slip Op 01299, 1st Dept 2-16-17

 

CRIMINAL LAW (THREATENING TO CALL SOMEONE TO HAVE VICTIM BEATEN UP MET THE THREAT OF IMMEDIATE USE OF PHYSICAL FORCE ELEMENT OF ROBBERY)/EVIDENCE (CRIMINAL LAW, THREATENING TO CALL SOMEONE TO HAVE VICTIM BEATEN UP MET THE THREAT OF IMMEDIATE USE OF PHYSICAL FORCE ELEMENT OF ROBBERY)/ROBBERY (THREATENING TO CALL SOMEONE TO HAVE VICTIM BEATEN UP MET THE THREAT OF IMMEDIATE USE OF PHYSICAL FORCE ELEMENT OF ROBBERY)/THREAT (ROBBERY, THREATENING TO CALL SOMEONE TO HAVE VICTIM BEATEN UP MET THE THREAT OF IMMEDIATE USE OF PHYSICAL FORCE ELEMENT OF ROBBERY)/IMMEDIATE USE OF PHYSICAL FORCE (ROBBERY, THREATENING TO CALL SOMEONE TO HAVE VICTIM BEATEN UP MET THE THREAT OF IMMEDIATE USE OF PHYSICAL FORCE ELEMENT OF ROBBERY)

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VICTIM’S IDENTIFICATION TESTIMONY WAS SUFFICIENT TO SUPPORT CONVICTION, DESPITE LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS, DIZZINESS AND INCONSISTENCIES.

The First Department, over an extensive dissent, determined the identification testimony by the assault victim was credible, despite a period of unconsciousness, dizziness and inconsistencies:

[The] grounds for undercutting one-witness identifications [in other cases] are not comparable to the dizziness and loss of consciousness caused by the subject assault, and the limited nature of the complainant’s two opportunities to look directly at his attacker. Our system of criminal justice relies on victims of violence identifying their attackers when they are able to do so. It would be ironic indeed if the severity of an attack and the resulting injuries were to prompt courts to treat the subsequent identification as unworthy of belief, despite the complainant’s certainty. Of course, the defense is entitled to question an identification based on the complainant’s compromised condition caused by the attack. However, that argument did not sway the jury here, and upon our review of the evidence at trial, it does not appear that the complainant was unable to make an identification.

Any inconsistencies in the complainant’s testimony were minor, possibly due to limitations in his English skills, and did not undermine his overall credibility. People v Kahson B., 2017 NY Slip Op 01265, 1st Dept 2-16-17

 

CRIMINAL LAW (VICTIM’S IDENTIFICATION TESTIMONY WAS SUFFICIENT TO SUPPORT CONVICTION, DESPITE LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS, DIZZINESS AND INCONSISTENCIES)/EVIDENCE (CRIMINAL LAW, VICTIM’S IDENTIFICATION TESTIMONY WAS SUFFICIENT TO SUPPORT CONVICTION, DESPITE LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS, DIZZINESS AND INCONSISTENCIES)/IDENTIFICATION (CRIMINAL LAW, EVIDENCE, VICTIM’S IDENTIFICATION TESTIMONY WAS SUFFICIENT TO SUPPORT CONVICTION, DESPITE LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS, DIZZINESS AND INCONSISTENCIES)

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STRIKING DEFENDANTS’ ANSWERS WAS AN APPROPRIATE REMEDY FOR SPOLIATION OF EVIDENCE.

The First Department determined the striking of defendants’ answers was the proper remedy for spoliation of evidence. Plaintiff was injured on a staircase. The staircase was removed and destroyed days before a scheduled inspection:

Plaintiffs’ pre-action service of preservation letters on the daycare, the initiation of this action, and the issuance of the preliminary conference order, placed defendants on notice of the need to preserve the staircase. The staircase was removed and destroyed in November 2013, days before the scheduled court-ordered inspection. As found by the motion court, “[I]t is clear that the individual defendants destroyed the stairs in question in violation of the order of th[e] court, knowing that plaintiff’s inspection was to take place a few days later.”

The intentional destruction of the staircase, key physical evidence, severely prejudices plaintiffs’ ability to prove their case, and warrants the extreme sanction of striking defendants’ answers … . The record contains no evidence that photographs depicting the staircase exist. Nor is this a case where plaintiffs sat on their rights … . Rookwood v Busy B’s Child Care Daycare Inc., 2017 NY Slip Op 01281, 1st Dept 2-16-17

 

CIVIL PROCEDURE (SPOLIATION, STRIKING DEFENDANTS’ ANSWERS WAS AN APPROPRIATE REMEDY FOR SPOLIATION OF EVIDENCE)/EVIDENCE (SPOLIATION, STRIKING DEFENDANTS’ ANSWERS WAS AN APPROPRIATE REMEDY FOR SPOLIATION OF EVIDENCE)/SPOLIATION (STRIKING DEFENDANTS’ ANSWERS WAS AN APPROPRIATE REMEDY FOR SPOLIATION OF EVIDENCE)/NEGLIGENCE (EVIDENCE, SPOLIATION, STRIKING DEFENDANTS’ ANSWERS WAS AN APPROPRIATE REMEDY FOR SPOLIATION OF EVIDENCE)

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TESTIMONY BY OFFICER WHO WAS PRESENT BUT DID NOT ADMINISTER THE DWI BREATHALYZER TEST DID NOT VIOLATE THE CONFRONTATION CLAUSE.

The Court of Appeals determined the testimony of an officer (Mercado) who was present throughout the DWI breathalyzer test process administered by another officer (Harriman) did not violate the Confrontation Clause. Harriman had retired and moved out of state by the time of defendant’s trial:

The only step in the testing process that the Appellate Term found Mercado did not personally perform or observe, and the sole stated basis for that court finding a Confrontation Clause violation, was verification of the simulator solution temperature as displayed on the machine. Inasmuch as the written 13-step checklist completed by Harriman was not admitted into evidence, no testimonial statement by a nontestifying witness concerning the temperature — or any aspect of the testing procedure — was used against defendant. Thus, any argument as to Mercado’s failure to observe the temperature reading would merely relate to whether there was a proper foundation for his testimony, which would not implicate a Confrontation Clause violation … . However, to the extent that the Appellate Term based its decision on the failure of an “essential” step in the testing procedure, the trial record contradicts that court’s conclusion that there was an absence of evidence that the machine will shut itself down and fail to perform the test if the temperature is outside the proper range … . * * *

Mercado observed Harriman perform all of the steps on the checklist and saw the breathalyzer machine print out the results. Based upon his personal observations, Mercado — as a trained and certified operator who was present for the entire testing protocol — was a suitable witness to testify about the testing procedure and results in defendant’s test. Inasmuch as Mercado testified as to his own observations, not as a surrogate for Harriman, there was no Confrontation Clause violation. Any alleged irregularities concerning the testing procedure would relate to the weight of Mercado’s testimony, not its admissibility … . People v Hao Lin, 2017 NY Slip Op 01253, CtApp 2-16-17

 

CRIMINAL LAW (TESTIMONY BY OFFICER WHO WAS PRESENT BUT DID NOT ADMINISTER THE DWI BREATHALYZER TEST DID NOT VIOLATE THE CONFRONTATION CLAUSE)/EVIDENCE (CRIMINAL LAW, TESTIMONY BY OFFICER WHO WAS PRESENT BUT DID NOT ADMINISTER THE DWI BREATHALYZER TEST DID NOT VIOLATE THE CONFRONTATION CLAUSE)/CONFRONTATION CLAUSE (DWI, TESTIMONY BY OFFICER WHO WAS PRESENT BUT DID NOT ADMINISTER THE DWI BREATHALYZER TEST DID NOT VIOLATE THE CONFRONTATION CLAUSE)/DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED (BREATHALYZER, TESTIMONY BY OFFICER WHO WAS PRESENT BUT DID NOT ADMINISTER THE DWI BREATHALYZER TEST DID NOT VIOLATE THE CONFRONTATION CLAUSE)/BREATHALYZER (DWI, (TESTIMONY BY OFFICER WHO WAS PRESENT BUT DID NOT ADMINISTER THE DWI BREATHALYZER TEST DID NOT VIOLATE THE CONFRONTATION CLAUSE)

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BANK EMPLOYEE’S AFFIDAVIT DID NOT DEMONSTRATE 90 DAY NOTICE WAS PROPERLY SERVED.

The Second Department determined plaintiff bank did not demonstrate compliance with Real Property Actions and Proceedings Law (RPAPL) 1304 in serving the 90-day notice. The documents submitted by plaintiff’s employee (Gantner) did not meet the requirements of the business records exception to the hearsay rule:

Here, the plaintiff failed to submit an affidavit of service … or proof of mailing by the post office, evincing that it properly served the defendant pursuant to RPAPL 1304. Contrary to the plaintiff’s contention, Gantner’s affidavit and attached business records were not sufficient to establish that the notices were sent to the defendant in the manner required by RPAPL 1304. While mailing may be proven by documents meeting the requirements of the business records exception to the rule against hearsay under CPLR 4518 … , here, Gantner did not aver that he was familiar with the plaintiff’s mailing practices and procedures, and therefore did not establish proof of a standard office practice and procedure designed to ensure that items are properly addressed and mailed … . Therefore, Gantner’s unsubstantiated and conclusory statements were insufficient to establish that the 90-day notice required by RPAPL 1304 was mailed to the defendant by first-class and certified mail … . CitiMortgage, Inc. v Pappas, 2017 NY Slip Op 01177. 2nd Dept 2-15-17

FORECLOSURE (BANK EMPLOYEE’S AFFIDAVIT DID NOT DEMONSTRATE 90 DAY NOTICE WAS PROPERLY SERVED)/EVIDENCE (FORECLOSURE, BANK EMPLOYEE’S AFFIDAVIT DID NOT DEMONSTRATE 90 DAY NOTICE WAS PROPERLY SERVED)

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OKAY FOR THE JURY TO CONSIDER WHETHER DEFENDANT’S SILENCE AND EVASIVENESS DURING A PHONE CALL WITH THE VICTIM RECORDED BY THE JAIL WAS AN ADOPTIVE ADMISSION.

The Court of Appeals, in a full-fledged opinion by Judge Abdus-Salaam, over a two-judge dissent, determined the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it allowed in evidence as a potential adoptive admission a recorded phone call between the defendant and the victim. The phone call was recorded by the jail when defendant was incarcerated. Defendant’s silence and evasiveness when the victim told him he had broken her ribs was the essence of the potential adoptive admission. The jury was instructed that defendant’s silence and evasiveness could be considered by them, but it was up to them to determine whether the silence and evasiveness was an admission:

Here, it is clear that the trial court did not abuse its discretion as a matter of law when it made the threshold determination that defendant heard and understood the victim’s accusations against him. The court properly concluded that the content of the conversation, itself, demonstrates that defendant both heard and understood what she was saying, but chose to give evasive and manipulative responses. This view is supported by the context of the call, where, in a domestic violence case, defendant voluntarily contacted the victim in violation of an order of protection in an attempt to influence her to drop the charges against him. Once this foundation was established, it was proper for the call “to be placed before the jury so that the jury might weigh the import, along with its other instructions and responsibilities” … . People v Vining, 2017 NY Slip Op 01144, CtApp 2-14-17

CRIMINAL LAW (OKAY FOR THE JURY TO CONSIDER WHETHER DEFENDANT’S SILENCE AND EVASIVENESS DURING A PHONE CALL WITH THE VICTIM RECORDED BY THE JAIL WAS AN ADOPTIVE ADMISSION)/EVIDENCE (CRIMINAL LAW, OKAY FOR THE JURY TO CONSIDER WHETHER DEFENDANT’S SILENCE AND EVASIVENESS DURING A PHONE CALL WITH THE VICTIM RECORDED BY THE JAIL WAS AN ADOPTIVE ADMISSION)/ADOPTIVE ADMISSION (CRIMINAL LAW, EVIDENCE, OKAY FOR THE JURY TO CONSIDER WHETHER DEFENDANT’S SILENCE AND EVASIVENESS DURING A PHONE CALL WITH THE VICTIM RECORDED BY THE JAIL WAS AN ADOPTIVE ADMISSION)/ADMISSION (CRIMINAL LAW, EVIDENCE, OKAY FOR THE JURY TO CONSIDER WHETHER DEFENDANT’S SILENCE AND EVASIVENESS DURING A PHONE CALL WITH THE VICTIM RECORDED BY THE JAIL WAS AN ADOPTIVE ADMISSION)/SILENCE (CRIMINAL LAW, ADOPTIVE ADMISSION, OKAY FOR THE JURY TO CONSIDER WHETHER DEFENDANT’S SILENCE AND EVASIVENESS DURING A PHONE CALL WITH THE VICTIM RECORDED BY THE JAIL WAS AN ADOPTIVE ADMISSION)

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ELEMENTS OF OFFICIAL MISCONDUCT, MALFEASANCE AND NONFEASANCE, EXPLAINED; COCONSPIRATOR STATEMENTS MADE BEFORE A DEFENDANT JOINS A CONSPIRACY AND AFTER A DEFENDANT LEAVES A CONSPIRACY ARE ADMISSIBLE.

The Court of Appeals, in a full-fledged opinion by Judge DiFiore, affirmed the conviction of a Nassau County Police Department detective on two counts of official misconduct and conspiracy. The opinion is too detailed to fairly summarize here. The charges stemmed from allegations defendant participated in an attempt to prevent the arrest of the son of a prominent supporter of the police department. It was alleged the supporter's son stole electronic equipment from his high school. Despite many attempts by members of the police department to have the high school withdraw the charges, the school refused. The opinion explains in detail the proof requirements for official misconduct, based upon malfeasance and nonfeasance. In a question of first impression, the Court of Appeals ruled that statements made by coconspirators before a defendant joins the conspiracy and after a defendant leaves the conspiracy are admissible:

We now hold that when a conspirator subsequently joins an ongoing conspiracy, any previous statements made by his or her coconspirators in furtherance of the conspiracy are admissible against the conspirator pursuant to the coconspirator exception to the hearsay rule. …

We further conclude, in line with federal case law, that statements made after a conspirator's alleged active involvement in the conspiracy has ceased, but the conspiracy continues, are admissible unless this conspirator has unequivocally communicated his or her withdrawal from the conspiracy to the coconspirators … . People v Flanagan, 2017 NY Slip Op 01018. CtApp 2-9-17

CRIMINAL LAW (ELEMENTS OF OFFICIAL MISCONDUCT, MALFEASANCE AND NONFEASANCE, EXPLAINED, COCONSPIRATOR STATEMENTS MADE BEFORE A DEFENDANT JOINS A CONSPIRACY AND AFTER A DEFENDANT LEAVES A CONSPIRACY ARE ADMISSIBLE)/EVIDENCE (CRIMINAL LAW, COCONSPIRATOR STATEMENTS MADE BEFORE A DEFENDANT JOINS A CONSPIRACY AND AFTER A DEFENDANT LEAVES A CONSPIRACY ARE ADMISSIBLE)/CONSPIRACY (CRIMINAL LAW, COCONSPIRATOR STATEMENTS MADE BEFORE A DEFENDANT JOINS A CONSPIRACY AND AFTER A DEFENDANT LEAVES A CONSPIRACY ARE ADMISSIBLE)/OFFICIAL MISCONDUCT (ELEMENTS OF OFFICIAL MISCONDUCT, MALFEASANCE AND NONFEASANCE, EXPLAINED)

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ATTEMPTED FIRST DEGREE MURDER CONVICTIONS PRECLUDED BY FAILURE TO PROVE THE 38-YEAR-OLD DEFENDANT WAS MORE THAN 18 YEARS OLD, RECKLESS ENDANGERMENT FIRST DEGREE CONVICTION NOT SUPPORTED BY PROOF OF A GRAVE RISK OF DEATH.

The Fourth Department determined the failure to offer any proof the 38-year-old defendant was more than 18 years old precluded conviction of attempted first degree murder (defendant shot at police officers). The convictions were reduced to attempted second degree murder. The Fourth Department further determined the reckless endangerment first degree was not supported by sufficient evidence that the passenger in defendant’s vehicle was exposed to a “grave risk of death” when defendant rammed a police vehicle. The conviction was reduced to recklessd endangerment second degree:

As the People correctly concede, however, the evidence is legally insufficient to establish that defendant was more than 18 years old at the time of the crimes. Although defendant failed to preserve that contention for our review … , we exercise our power to review it as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice (see CPL 470.15 [6] [a]). Defendant was in fact 38 years old at the time of the crimes in September 2011, and the jury naturally had the opportunity to observe his appearance during his trial in 2012, but that opportunity “does not, by itself, satisfy the People’s obligation to prove defendant’s age” … , and there was no evidence at trial bearing on his age … . The evidence is sufficient to establish that defendant intended to kill each of the officers … , and we reject defendant’s further contention that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence with respect to his intent … . We therefore modify the judgment by reducing the conviction under counts one and two to attempted murder in the second degree (§§ 110.00, 125.25 [1]), and we remit the matter to County Court for sentencing on those counts. * * *

There was evidence that defendant “rammed” the side of the police vehicle with the part of his truck in which his girlfriend was sitting, but neither officer could estimate how fast defendant was going at impact, and the relatively short distance he traveled toward the police vehicle tended to show that he could not have been going very fast. Furthermore, both vehicles remained operable after the collision, and there was no evidence that anyone sustained any injury from it. Even viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the People … , we conclude that it is legally insufficient to establish that the collision created a grave risk of death to defendant’s girlfriend … . People v VanGorden, 2017 NY Slip Op 00877, 4th Dept 2-3-17

 

CRIMINAL LAW (ATTEMPTED FIRST DEGREE MURDER CONVICTIONS PRECLUDED BY FAILURE TO PROVE THE 38-YEAR-OLD DEFENDANT WAS MORE THAN 18 YEARS OLD, RECKLESS ENDANGERMENT FIRST DEGREE CONVICTION NOT SUPPORTED BY PROOF OF A GRAVE RISK OF DEATH)/EVIDENCE (CRIMINAL LAW, ATTEMPTED FIRST DEGREE MURDER CONVICTIONS PRECLUDED BY FAILURE TO PROVE THE 38-YEAR-OLD DEFENDANT WAS MORE THAN 18 YEARS OLD, RECKLESS ENDANGERMENT FIRST DEGREE CONVICTION NOT SUPPORTED BY PROOF OF A GRAVE RISK OF DEATH)

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DEUTSCHE BANK BREACHED CREDIT DEFAULT SWAP AGREEMENTS.

The First Department, in a decision too detailed to fairly summarize here, determined the defendant Deutsche Bank breached credit default swap agreements with plaintiff Good Hill Master Fund. Good Hill was found to have acted in good faith and in a commercially reasonable manner in negotiating the price of the notes at issue. In addition Supreme Court did not abuse its discretion in prohibiting expert testimony offered by Deutsche Bank because interpretation of the contracts was within the ken of the trial judge:

We find no basis to disturb the court’s determination that Deutsche Bank breached the credit default swap agreements at issue here … . As the trial court found in awarding judgment in Good Hill’s favor, Good Hill negotiated at arm’s length with Bank of America to sell six tranches of notes the Bank had previously sold Good Hill at $.29 on the dollar, so that the Bank of America could unwind and terminate a securitization in the then-declining mortgage market. Bank of America’s resulting writedown of the B6 notes would trigger a negative credit event under the swap agreements. As a result, Good Hill negotiated with Bank of America to forgive only 17% of the principal amount, resulting in a smaller payout to Deutsche Bank under the swap agreements, as opposed to forgiving principal of 71% across the board on all the tranches of notes based on the $.29 purchase price. Bank of America was free to accept or reject that 83% allocation and had rejected several prior proposals from Good Hill that would have resulted in no payment or an even smaller payment to Deutsche Bank. Good Hill Master Fund L.P. v Deutsche Bank AG, 2017 NY Slip Op 00428, 1st Dept 1-24-17

SECURITIES (DEUTSCHE BANK BREACHED CREDIT DEFAULT SWAP AGREEMENTS)/RESIDENTIAL MORTGAGE BACKED SECURITIES (CREDIT DEFAULT SWAP AGREEMENT, DEUTSCHE BANK BREACHED CREDIT DEFAULT SWAP AGREEMENTS)/CREDIT DEFAULT SWAP AGREEMENTS (DEUTXCHE BANK BREACHED CREDIT DEFAULT SWAP AGREEMENTS)/CONTRACT LAW (CREDIT DEFAULT SWAP AGREEMENT, DEUTSCHE BANK BREACHED CREDIT DEFAULT SWAP AGREEMENTS)/EVIDENCE (CONTRACT LAW, EXPERT TESTIMONY NOT NECESSARY TO INTERPRET CREDIT DEFAULT SWAP AGREEMENT)/EXPERT OPINION (CONTRACT LAW, EXPERT TESTIMONY NOT NECESSARY TO INTERPRET CREDIT DEFAULT SWAP AGREEMENT)

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