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THE FEDERAL CHILD-PORNOGRAPHY CRIME OF WHICH DEFENDANT WAS CONVICTED WAS BASED ON CONDUCT WHICH HAD NOT BEEN CRIMINALIZED BY A NEW YORK STATUTE AT THE TIME OF DEFENDANT’S CONVICTION; THEREFORE DEFENDANT SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN ADJUDICATED A SEX OFFENDER UNDER SORA (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, vacating Supreme Court’s sex offender adjudication, over an extensive dissent, determined that the federal crime of which defendant was convicted was not encompassed by New York State criminal law at the time of defendant’s conviction. The defendant sent images of adult bodies engaged in sexual conduct with his 16-year-old cousin’s (the victim’s) face superimposed on the images:

Defendant was convicted under 18 USC § 1466A(a)(1)(A) which proscribes images created, adapted or modified to appear as though an identifiable minor is engaging in sexual conduct, otherwise known as “morphed” child pornography. We agree with our dissenting colleague that defendant’s actions were deplorable. Nevertheless, we are constrained to find that this conduct does not give rise to criminal liability under the analogous New York State statute, Penal Law § 263.15, as it existed at the time of [defendant’s] conviction. Therefore, the court erred in adjudicating defendant a sex offender. People v Lewis, 2026 NY Slip Op 01016, First Dept 2-24-26

Practice Point: Here defendant was convicted of a federal child-pornography offense for conduct which was not covered by a New York criminal statute. Therefore defendant could not be adjudicated a sex offender based on the federal conviction.

 

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PURSUANT TO THE HOUSING STABILITY AND TENANT PROTECTION ACT (HSTPA) AND NEW YORK CITY’S RENT STABILIZATION LAW (RSL), THE TENANT WAS ENTITLED TO BUT WAS NEVER OFFERED A RENEWAL LEASE UNDER THE TERMS OF THE PRIOR LEASE SIGNED BY HIS GRANDMOTHER; THE LANDLORD’S HOLDOVER AND EVICTION PETITION SHOULD HAVE BEEN DISMISSED (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing Appellate Term, determined the landlord’s holdover and eviction petition should have been dismissed. The tenant was entitled to a renewal lease pursuant to the Rent Stabilization Law and the Housing Stability and Tenant Protection Act (HSTPA). The landlord never provided a renewal lease:

The Housing Stability and Tenant Protection Act (HSTPA) was enacted on June 14, 2019 and became effective immediately … . The HSTPA restricts a landlord’s right to withdraw a previously offered preferential rent, even if properly preserved in the lease. Specifically, Rent Stabilization Law § 26-511(c)(14) provides that for “any tenant who . . . is or was entitled to receive a renewal or vacancy lease” as of the date of the HSTPA’s enactment, “the amount of rent for such housing accommodation that may be charged and paid shall be no more than the rent charged to and paid by the tenant prior to that renewal, as adjusted by the most recent applicable guidelines increases and any other increases authorized by law.” … . * * *

Where a landlord fails to offer a renewal lease, the rights under the expiring lease continue to apply (Rent Stabilization Code (9 NYCRR) § 2523.5[d] [“(T)he failure to offer a renewal lease pursuant to this section shall not deprive the tenant of any protections or rights provided by the RSL and this Code and the tenant shall continue to have the same rights as if the expiring lease were still in effect”]). Where a renewal lease is not made in a timely fashion, “courts have repeatedly upheld . . . allowing the renewal lease increase to take effect only prospectively” … .

… [T]he tenant’s succession rights under the prior lease signed by the tenant’s grandmother continued to apply until he was offered a renewal lease on November 7, 2019 after the passage of the HSTPA. As the HSTPA applies to tenant’s succession rights, his cross-motion dismissing the petition should have been granted on the basis that he was entitled to a lease at the amount of rent paid under the prior lease signed by his grandmother (Rent Stabilization Law § 26-511[c][14]). Matter of West Side Marquis LLC v Maldonado, 2026 NY Slip Op 01023, First Dept 2-24-26

Practice Point: Consult this decision for insight into the application of the Housing Stability and Tenant Protection Act (HSTPA) and NYC’s Rent Stabilization Law (RBL).

 

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EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION CASES ARE REVIEWED UNDER “NOTICE PLEADING” STANDARDS WHERE ONLY FAIR NOTICE OF THE NATURE OF THE CLAIM AND ITS GROUNDS ARE REQUIRED; HERE PLAINTIFF’S ALLEGATION THAT A SUPERVISOR STATED SHE RECEIVED HIGH EVALUATIONS BECAUSE SHE ENGAGED IN SEXUAL RELATIONS WITH HER SUPERIORS WAS SUFFICIENT TO SURVIVE DISMISSAL (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined that a single remark by a supervisor may sustain an employment discrimination or hostile work environment claim. The court noted the more lenient pleading requirement for employment discrimination actions:

… [E]mployment discrimination cases are generally reviewed under notice pleading standards … . Indeed, a “plaintiff alleging employment discrimination need not plead specific facts establishing a prima facie case of discrimination but need only give fair notice of the nature of the claim and its grounds” … . In an action brought under the New York City Human Rights Law (NYCHRL) and the New York State Human Rights Law (NYSHRL), “[f]air notice is all that is required to survive at the pleading stage” … . * * *

Although a “single, isolated comment” or “stray remark” will not always suffice to sustain a discrimination or hostile work environment claim … , “a single comment that objectifies women being made in circumstances where that comment would, for example, signal views about the role of women in the workplace” could be actionable … . Here, where plaintiff alleged that her supervisor implied that she only received high evaluation scores because she was engaging in sexual relations with higher-ups, the alleged remarks and attendant hostile conduct were more than “petty slights and trivial inconveniences” … . Cummings v City of New York, 2026 NY Slip Op 00972, First Dept 2-19-26

Practice Point: Pleading standards are more lenient in employment discrimination cases. Fair notice of the nature of the claim and its grounds are sufficient to survive dismissal.

 

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ALTHOUGH A JURY TRIAL WAIVER IN A CONTRACT IS NOT ENFORCED WHERE A COUNTERCLAIM ASSERTS FRAUDULENT INDUCEMENT, HERE THE FRAUDULENT-INDUCEMENT COUNTERCLAIM SOUGHT RESCISSION OF THE CONTRACT, EQUITABLE RELIEF WHICH MUST BE TRIED BY THE COURT; THE MOTION TO STRIKE DEFENDANTS’ JURY-TRIAL DEMAND SHOULD HAVE BEEN GRANTED (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing the denial of plaintiff’s motion to strike defendants’ jury demand, determined defendants were not entitled to a jury trial on the counterclaims. Defendants asserted fraudulent inducement and sought rescission of the contract in addition to seeking damages as an alternative. Because rescission in equitable relief, a jury trial is not available:

… [D]efendants are not entitled to a jury trial on their counterclaims. Generally, a party asserting a fraudulent inducement claim may pursue a jury trial, notwithstanding the existence of a jury waiver clause, when that party primarily seeks money damages … . Here, by contrast, defendants’ counterclaims seek rescission of the contract and side letter agreement, with damages only sought in the alternative. As the Court of Appeals has held, “[a]ll issues pertaining to [an] equitable defense and counterclaim, whether matters of fact or law, [are] to be determined by the court under CPLR 4101” … and “[r]escission claims, of course, are equitable in nature” … . Accordingly, defendants’ counterclaims must be tried by the court, not a jury, by virtue of the equitable relief they seek. Penske v National Holding Corp., 2026 NY Slip Op 00978, First Dept 2-19-26

Practice Point: Where a cause of action seeks equitable relief, here rescission of a contract, it must be tried by the court, not a jury, even if damages are demanded in the alternative.

 

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EVEN WHERE EVIDENCE OF AN UNCHARGED CRIME IS “INEXTRICABLY INTERTWINED” WITH THE NARRATIVE OF CHARGED CRIME, IT MAY BE INADMISSIBLE BECAUSE ITS PREJUDICIAL EFFECT OUTWEIGHS ITS PROBATIVE VALUE; HERE THE COMPLAINANT’S TESTIMONY ABOUT A PRIOR UNCHARGED SEX ACT SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN ADMITTED (FIRST DEPT).

The Frist Department, reversing the conviction in this sexual abuse prosecution, determined the evidence of a prior sex act with the complainant was much more prejudicial than probative. The evidence was therefore inadmissible:

Prior to the commencement of jury selection for the second trial, the People made a Molineux application to allow the complainant to testify about an alleged prior oral sexual encounter with defendant. The People argued, inter alia, that this evidence was “inextricably intertwined” with the complainant’s testimony as to the charges of sexual abuse, provided relevant background, and put the complainant’s testimony “into a believable context.” Supreme Court granted the People’s motion. The court concluded that the proposed testimony was “inextricably woven [in]to the narrative.” …

Supreme Court erred in granting the People’s Molineux application. Even if the People established some non-propensity basis for introducing this evidence, “the prejudicial nature of that evidence far outweighed any probative value” … . People v Nieves, 2026 NY Slip Op 00979, First Dept 2-19-26

Practice Point: Here in this sexual abuse prosecution, the complainant’s testimony about a prior, uncharged sex act was deemed much more prejudicial than probative. Therefore the testimony was inadmissible, despite the argument that it was “inextricably intertwined” with the narrative of the crime or provided relevant background.

 

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DEFENSE COUNSEL LEFT A PROFFER SESSION MIDWAY THROUGH THE PROCEEDINGS; DURING THE PROFFER SESSION DEFENDANT MADE AN INCRIMINATORY STATEMENT WHICH WAS USED TO IMPEACH HIS CREDIBILITY AT TRIAL; DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO VACATE HIS CONVICTION ON INEFFECTIVE-ASSISTANCE GROUNDS SHOULD HAVE BEEN GRANTED (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined defendant’s motion to vacate his conviction based upon ineffective assistance of counsel should have been granted. Defense counsel left a proffer session midway through the proceedings:

Supreme Court erred in finding that defendant failed to satisfy his burden of establishing that he received ineffective assistance of counsel when his counsel absented himself from a proffer session midway through the session. Absent an express waiver from defendant, counsel had an obligation to be present during the session and to “be alert to, and to avert if he could, the possibility that defendant’s cooperation would hurt rather than help him” … . Under the circumstances, where counsel advanced no sound strategic reason behind his decision to leave the proffer session, his absence deprived defendant of meaningful representation at a critical stage in the proceeding … . Defendant was prejudiced by counsel’s absence, because a statement defendant made during the proffer session implicating himself in the burglaries for which he was ultimately tried and convicted for, was successfully used by the prosecution to impeach defendant’s credibility at the trial … . People v Anonymous, 2026 NY Slip Op 00980, First Dept 2-19-26

Practice Point: A proffer session is a critical stage of a criminal proceedings at which a defendant may incriminate himself. Here defense counsel’s leaving a proffer session midway constituted ineffective assistance warranting vacation of the conviction.

 

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THE JUDGE FAILED TO COMMUNICATE WITH THE OHIO COURT AFTER LEARNING OF ANOTHER CUSTODY-RELATED PROCEEDING THERE AND FAILED TO CONSIDER WHETHER IT SHOULD EXERCISE TEMPORARY EMERGENCY JURISDICTION BASED ON ALLEGATIONS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN MOTHER’S PETITION (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing Family Court, determined the judge committed reversible error by failing to communicate with the Ohio court after learning of another custody-related proceeding there. In addition, the judge failed to consider whether to exercise temporary emergency jurisdiction to protect mother and child. Mother’s custody petition alleged serious domestic violence:

Family Court failed to satisfy the procedural mechanism required by the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (Domestic Relations Law, art 5-A) when a custody-related proceeding is pending in another state. Specifically, after the court became aware of the Ohio proceeding, the record does not reflect that the court attempted to communicate with the Ohio court, which is a reversable error … . * * *

… Family Court failed to comply with the statutory requirement to consider, under the circumstances presented and in light of the serious allegations of domestic violence in the mother’s petition, whether it was necessary to exercise temporary emergency jurisdiction to protect the mother and the child … . Matter of Shelby C.V. v Joshua W.K, 2026 NY Slip Op 01002, First Dept 2-17-26

Practice Point: It is reversible error for a judge to fail to communicate with a court in another jurisdiction after learning of another custody-related proceeding there.

Practice Point: Allegations of domestic violence may trigger the statutory requirement that a judge consider exercising temporary emergency jurisdiction to protect family members.

 

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PLAINTIFF’S CLAIMS OF DISCRIMINATORY NON-PROMOTION AND TERMINATION PURSUANT TO THE NYC AND NYS HUMAN RIGHTS LAW WERE SUFFICIENT AT THE PLEADING STAGE AND SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN DISMISSED (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the plaintiff’s claims of discriminatory non-promotion and termination pursuant to the NYS and NYC Human Rights Law were sufficient for the pleading stage and should not have been dismissed:

Plaintiff’s allegation that he, an African American, was terminated from his job by defendant, his employer, after making one mistake while two of his white coworkers who made similar mistakes were neither reprimanded nor terminated was sufficient to state a claim for discriminatory termination under the broad protections of the State and City HRLs … . Plaintiff specifically alleged that one of the white coworkers was an IT Help Desk Technician, the same position he held, and that the coworker performed substantially similar work under similar working conditions. He further alleged that he helped fix some of the mistakes that this coworker had made in the past. These allegations were sufficient at the pleading stage … .

In support of his cause of action for failure to promote, plaintiff alleges that his coworker was promoted to a job that he was already performing, and that the position was not posted prior to it being filled. These allegations are sufficient to meet plaintiff’s pleading burden as this Court has previously held that it is unnecessary for a plaintiff to allege that he applied for a promotion where he has alleged that promotions were typically made unannounced and unsolicited (id.) or where defendant failed to advertise the position … . Altidor v Medical Knowledge Group LLC, 2026 NY Slip Op 00870, First Dept 2-17-26

Practice Point: Consult this decision for insight into the pleading requirements for claims of discriminatory non-promotion and termination pursuant to the NYS and NYC Human Rights Law.

 

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THE FIRST DEPARTMENT RULED THAT PLAINTIFF-TENANTS DID NOT DEMONSTRATE, AS A MATTER OF LAW, THAT DEFENDANTS ENGAGED IN A FRAUDULENT SCHEME TO DEREGULATE APARTMENTS WHILE RECEIVING J51 TAX BENEFITS; THE COURT OF APPEALS REVERSED (CT APP).

The First Department, in a full-fledged opinion by Justice Kennedy, over a comprehensive, two-justice dissenting opinion, determined plaintiff-tenants did not demonstrate, as a matter of law, a fraudulent scheme on the part of the defendants re: deregulation of apartments while receiving J51 tax benefits. The Court of Appeal reversed and remitted:

From the First Department decision:

The issues presented on this appeal are (1) what is the appropriate base date rent for calculating damages and (2) whether the record before us sets forth evidence of a fraudulent scheme to deregulate the subject apartments to permit use of the default formula pursuant to Rent Stabilization Code (RSC) (9 NYCRR) § 2526.1(g). * * *

… [W]e conclude that the record before us did not establish evidence of a fraudulent scheme to deregulate the subject apartments as a matter of law, and that it was improper to utilize the default formula to calculate damages … . Aras v B-U Realty Corp., 2023 NY Slip Op 04917, First Dept 10-3-23

Reversed by the Court of Appeals: Aras v B-U Realty Corp., 2026 NY Slip Op 00637. CtApp 2-11-26

 

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PLAINTIFF WAS HIT BY A FALLING CHISEL WHILE SITTING UNDER A SIDEWALK BRIDGE AT THE WORKSITE TAKING A BREAK; THE CHISEL SHOULD HAVE BEEN SECURED AND THE SCAFFOLDING ABOVE PLAINTIFF WAS INADEQUATE TO PROTECT HIM FROM A FALLING OBJECT; PLAINTIFF WAS ENTITLED TO SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON THE LABOR LAW 240(1) CAUSE OF ACTION (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined plaintiff in this falling-object case was entitled to summary judgment on his Labor Law 240(1) cause of action. Plaintiff was sitting underneath a sidewalk bridge on the jobsite, taking a break, when he was struck by a chisel. The chisel should have been secured and the scaffolding above plaintiff had gaps and therefore failed to provide adequate protection. Plaintiff did not have to prove where the chisel came from:

… “[I]njuries sustained while a worker was on site, although . . . on a break, come within the protections of Labor Law § 240(1)” … .

Plaintiff established that the chisel “required securing for the purposes of the undertaking” and that the scaffolding “proved inadequate” to protect him … . It is irrelevant that plaintiff did not know where the chisel fell from, or what caused it to fall, or hear anything fall, as “plaintiff is not required to show exactly how the [object] fell” … . Any alleged inconsistency concerning the location of the accident is immaterial … . Similarly, it does not matter where the chisel struck plaintiff’s body, as it is undisputed that it struck him. … [P]laintiff alleges without contradiction that the scaffolding was defective … , including the existence of gaps between the scaffolding planks. Contreras v City of New York, 2026 NY Slip Op 00612, First Dept 2-10-26

Practice Point: In a Labor Law 240(1) falling-object case, a plaintiff need not prove where the object came from.

 

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