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Husband’s Contribution to Purchase of Home by Wife’s Parents Constituted a Constructive Trust

In a divorce action, the Second Department affirmed Supreme Court’s determination that the husband’s [Henn’s] contribution toward the purchase of a house constituted a constructive trust.  The parties separated before Henn moved into the home.  The wife’s [Tyree’s] parents [the Raffas] contributed some money and purchased the home for Henn and Tyree, both of whom also contributed funds toward the purchase.  In concluding Henn’s contribution constituted a constructive trust, the court wrote:

Here, the Supreme Court correctly found that the first element relevant to imposing a constructive trust was satisfied, as Henn and the Raffas were related through marriage and they pooled their resources to purchase the subject premises … . Henn satisfied the second element by demonstrating that the Raffas implicitly promised to convey the premises to him and Tyree … . He satisfied the third element, which requires a showing that he acted in reliance on the promise, by establishing that he gave $58,500 to Samuel J. Raffa, and that Samuel J. Raffa used that money to purchase the premises … . As for the fourth element, which requires a showing of unjust enrichment flowing from the breach of the promise, the evidence adduced at trial established that Henn never moved into the premises or acquired a legal interest therein. To the contrary, he and Tyree separated the very month that the premises were acquired by the Raffas, and Tyree commenced this divorce action just a few months later. The Raffas remained the sole owners of the premises, and they did not return Henn’s $58,500. In view of this evidence, there is no basis upon which to disturb the Supreme Court’s determination… . Tyree v Henn, 2013 NY Slip Op 05895, 2nd Dept 9-18-13

 

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Defendant in Medical Malpractice Action Should Have Been Allowed to Amend His Answer to Add Statute of Limitations Affirmative Defense

The Second Department reversed Supreme Court’s denial of defendant’s motion to amend his answer by adding the passing of the statute of limitations as an affirmative defense.  The Second Department explained:

Here, it is undisputed that the two-year statute of limitations applicable to a cause of action alleging wrongful death began to run on August 14, 2007, the date of the decedent’s death (see EPTL 5-4.1), and that the plaintiff commenced the second action, in which Lehman was a named defendant, more than two years after the decedent’s death. Accordingly, Lehman’s proposed affirmative defense of the statute of limitations as to so much of the complaint as sought to recover damages for wrongful death was not palpably insufficient nor patently devoid of merit on its face, and the plaintiff’s contentions regarding the relation back doctrine (see CPLR 203[b]) did not warrant the denial of Lehman’s motion. Consequently, as there was no evidence that the amendment would unfairly prejudice the plaintiff, the Supreme Court should have granted Lehman’s motion for leave to amend his answer without conducting a further examination into the ultimate merits of the proposed amendment … . “If [the plaintiff] wishes to test the merits of the proposed added . . . defense, [the plaintiff] may later move for summary judgment upon a proper showing” … . Carroll v Motola, 2013 NY Slip Op 05728, 2nd Dept 8-28-13

 

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Method of Service of Citation Should Be Calculated to Provide Notice Based Upon Facts Known To Court

The Second Department determined a decree (admitting decedent’s will to probate) issued by Surrogate’s Court should have been vacated on the ground that decedent’s daughter (Ross) was never properly served with the citation and, therefore, the court never obtained personal jurisdiction over her.  The Second Department explained that Surrogate Court should have fashioned a method of service, based upon the unique facts of the case known to the court, that was best calculated to notify Ross:

An elementary and fundamental requirement of due process in any proceeding which is accorded finality is notice reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections”… . In making a determination as to whether notice is “reasonably calculated,” the unique information about an intended recipient must be considered, “regardless of whether a statutory scheme is reasonably calculated to provide notice in the ordinary case” … . Here, given that the Surrogate’s Court was aware that Ross and her family would be away from her home in Sloatsburg until sometime in late September 2008, and was vacationing in Long Beach Island during that time, and given that there was no indication that Ross’s address in Long Beach Island was unavailable, in order for notice of the probate proceeding to be reasonably calculated to reach Ross, the Surrogate’s Court should have at least directed that the supplemental citation be mailed to Ross’s address in Long Beach Island, instead of solely directing that the supplemental citation be mailed to Ross’s address in Sloatsburg.  Matter of Skolnick, 2013 NY Slip Op 05463, 2nd Dept 7-24-13

 

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Pecuniary Loss Defined

In a wrongful death action, the Fourth Department determined that plaintiff, decedent’s brother, was entitled only to pecuniary loss for funeral expenses.  In explaining pecuniary loss, the court wrote:

Damages in a wrongful death action are limited to “fair and just compensation for the pecuniary injuries resulting from the decedent’s death to the persons for whose benefit the action is brought” (EPTL 5-4.3 [a]).  “Pecuniary loss” is defined as “the economic value of the decedent to each distributee at the time decedent died” and includes loss of income and financial support, loss of household services, loss of parental guidance, as well as funeral expenses and medical expenses incidental to death….  Generally, because it is difficult to provide direct evidence of wrongful death damages, the calculation of pecuniary loss “is a matter resting squarely within the province of the jury”… .  On this record, we conclude that there are issues of fact with respect to whether plaintiff, as decedent’s brother, suffered pecuniary loss in the form of funeral expenses and whether decedent’s brother Matthew suffered pecuniary loss given the evidence of their longstanding close and interdependent relationship.  Milczarski … v Walaszek…, 656, 4th Dept 7-19-13

 

Criteria for Denial of Trustee Commissions Based On Misconduct, Including Post-Commission-Period Misconduct, Explained

The First Department discussed when a trustee can be denied commissions for misconduct, including misconduct after the commission period (a post-commission-period penalty is rare and none was imposed here):

We conclude that courts have the discretion to take into consideration all of a trustee’s misconduct in determining the grant of annual commission, even conduct that occurred after the period applicable to the commission. Although there are no appellate cases on point, no New York case holds otherwise. As a basic principle, the Surrogate has broad discretion to deny commission to a trustee if the trustee has engaged in misconduct… .. In determining if a commission should be denied, misconduct that is not directly related to the commission being sought may be taken into consideration … . The Restatement (Second) of Trusts § 243 supports this conclusion with a multi-factor analysis (Comment c). Among the factors to be considered under the Restatement in determining if a commission should be denied are whether the trustee acted in good faith, whether the misconduct related to management of the whole trust and whether the trustee completed services of value to the trust (id.). We conclude, therefore, it is within the court’s discretion to determine whether the trustee’s later misconduct bars her from receiving commission.

Trustees can be denied commission “where their acts involve bad faith, a complete indifference to their fiduciary obligations or some other act that constitutes malfeasance or significant misfeasance” … The denial of a commission, however, should not be “in the nature of an additional penalty” (Restatement (Second) of Trusts § 243, Comment a). Rather, it should be based on the trustee’s failure to properly serve the trust (see id.). Matter of Gregory Stewart Trust, 2013 NY Slip Op 05290, 1st Dept 7-16-13

 

Criteria for Constructive Trust Not Met

In affirming Supreme Court’s ruling that plaintiff had failed to establish money given to the defendant (plaintiff’s son) by the plaintiff, originally for the purchase of a lake house, was held by the defendant as a constructive trust, the Third Department explained:

Plaintiff failed to establish the necessary elements of a constructive trust, which include a confidential or fiduciary relationship, a promise, a transfer in reliance thereon and  unjust enrichment….    Although plaintiff contends that there was a relationship of trust at the time the money was given to defendant based on the familial relationship and plaintiff’s belief that, despite his criminal history, defendant had  turned his life around,  this argument  is contradicted  by plaintiff’s own testimony that he and defendant were “never too friendly,” his relationship with defendant was  “at arm’s length” and he felt defendant was “always . . . hiding something from me.”    Furthermore, there was no indication that defendant attempted to take advantage of plaintiff’s trust by encouraging the transfer or that plaintiff was under defendant’s influence in any way.    The record supports Supreme Court’s finding that the idea of buying a lake house was eventually abandoned and the money was given to defendant for placement in a mutual fund account in his name alone by plaintiff, who had significantly more education, business and  financial experience  than  defendant.  Garcia v Garcia, 515582, 3rd Dept 7-11-13

 

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Executor’s Motion to Be Substituted for Decedent in Negligence Action Too Late

In affirming the dismissal of an executor’s motion to be substituted as a party in a negligence action (on behalf of the decedent), the Second Department explained:

CPLR 1021 provides, in pertinent part, “[i]f the event requiring substitution occurs before final judgment and substitution is not made within a reasonable time, the action may be dismissed as to the party for whom substitution should have been made, however, such dismissal shall not be on the merits unless the court shall so indicate.” CPLR 1021 requires a motion for substitution to be made within a reasonable time … . The determination of reasonableness requires consideration of several factors, including the diligence of the party seeking substitution, the prejudice to the other parties, and whether the party to be substituted has shown that the action or the defense has potential merit….

The Supreme Court providently exercised its discretion in denying the appellant’s motion pursuant to CPLR 1015 for leave to substitute himself as a party plaintiff and granting the defendant’s cross motion pursuant to CPLR 1021 to dismiss the complaint, in light of the 21-month delay in obtaining preliminary letters testamentary, the further one-year delay in seeking substitution, the failure to demonstrate a reasonable excuse for the delays, the absence of any affidavit of merit, and the prejudice to the defendant… .  Terpis v Regal Hgts Rehabilitation & Health Care Ctr Inc, 2013 NY Slip Op 05200, 2nd Dept 7-10-13

 

Criteria for Domicile Explained

In upholding Surrogate Court’s determination decedent’s domicile was New York, the First Department explained the relevant criteria as follows:

The Surrogate’s Court Procedure Act defines domicile as “[a] fixed, permanent and principal home to which a person wherever temporarily located always intends to return” (SCPA 103[15]). “The determination of an individual’s domicile is ordinarily based on conduct manifesting an intent to establish a permanent home with permanent associations in a given location”…. A person’s domicile is generally a mixed question of fact and law, which the court must determine after reviewing the pertinent evidence…. No single factor is dispositive…, and the unique facts and circumstances of each case must be considered…. A party alleging a change of domicile has the burden of proving that change by clear and convincing evidence … .  Matter of Ranftle, 2013 NY Slip Op 05006, 1st Dept 7-2-13

 

Late Notice of Election, Caused by Law Office Failure, Should Have Been Allowed

The Second Department determined Surrogate’s Court should have granted decedent’s surviving spouse’s petition for leave to file a late notice of election against the decedent’s estate.  The spouse executed a notice of election which was served on the attorney for the executor, but, because of law office failure, was never filed with Surrogate’s Court:

EPTL 5-1.1-A(d)(1) sets forth the specific procedures to be followed in exercising a right of election. “If the spouse defaults in filing such election within the time provided in subparagraph (d)(1) of this paragraph, the surrogate’s court may relieve the spouse from such default and authorize the making of an election . . . provided that no decree settling the account of the personal representative has been made and that twelve months have not elapsed since the issuance of the letters” (EPTL 5-1.1-A[d][2]). “An application for relief from the default and for an extension of time to elect shall be made upon a petition showing reasonable cause and on notice to such persons and in such manner as the surrogate may direct” (id.). Here, the surviving spouse demonstrated “reasonable cause” for her failure to timely file her notice of election by establishing, inter alia, that the delay was caused by law office failure, and she further established the absence of prejudice to any party (EPTL 5-1.1-A[d][2] … .  Matter of Sylvester, 2013 NY Slip Op 04613, 2nd Dept, 6-19-13

 

Undue Influence Criteria Explained

The Fourth Department affirmed Surrogate’s Court’s determination that the decedent was not subjected to undue influence in making a will.  The Court explained the legal principles at work as follows:

It is well settled that a will contestant seeking to prove undue influence must show the “exercise [of] a moral coercion, which restrained independent action and destroyed free agency, or which, by importunity [that] could not be resisted, constrained the testator to do that which was against [his or] h[er] free will” …. “Undue influence must be proved by evidence of a substantial nature . . . , e.g., by evidence identifying the motive, opportunity and acts allegedly constituting the influence, as well as when and where such acts occurred” …. “Mere speculation and conclusory allegations, without specificity as to precisely where and when the influence was actually exerted, are insufficient to raise an issue of fact” … .  Matter of Lee, 235, 4th Dept, 6-7-13

 

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