Okay to Close Portion of Trial to Public to Protect Safety of Undercover Officers

As the Court of Appeals explained, in a full-fledged opinion by Judge Graffeo, the issue and ruling:

“The primary issue in each of these buy-and-bust cases is whether the trial court properly closed the courtroom to the general public during the testimony of undercover officers. We conclude that the limited closures comported with Sixth Amendment public trial principles…”. In each of the three cases before the court, the trial judge closed the trial to the public when the undercover officers testified to protect the officers’ safety. Whether the officers’ safety would be jeopardized by testimony in open court must be demonstrated in a hearing. The court explained the applicable law and findings as follows: The United States Supreme Court has explained that a courtroom closure must satisfy a four-part standard to comport with the requirements of the Sixth Amendment: “[T]he party seeking to close the hearing must advance an overriding interest that is likely to be prejudiced, the closure must be no broader than necessary to protect that interest, the trial court must consider reasonable alternatives to closing the proceeding, and it must make findings adequate to support the closure” (Waller v Georgia, 467 US 39, 48 [1984]). Only the first prong (overriding interest) and third prong (reasonable alternatives) are at issue in these cases. * * * …[T[he trial court in each instance held a … hearing and made a particularized finding that requiring the undercover officers to testify in open court would create a genuine risk to their physical safety. The trial courts limited the closures to the portions of the proceedings directly implicating the overriding interest — the undercover officers’ safety — by ordering the courtrooms closed only for the duration of the officers’ testimony. People v Echevarria, et al, Nos 59, 60, 61, CtApp, 4- 30-13