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THE DOCTRINE OF COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL DID NOT PRECLUDE THIS ACTION TO DETERMINE THE VALIDITY OF THE PURPORTED 2017 ELECTION OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS; THE PRIOR ACTION CONCERNED ONLY THE VALIDITY OF THE PURPORTED 2019 ELECTION OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, reversing Supreme Court, held the doctrine of collateral estoppel did not preclude this Sullivan County action, which sought to determine whether a 2017 election of the board of dIrectors of plaintiff religious corporation was valid. A prior action in Kings County determined a 2019 election of the board of directors of the same corporation was a nullity:

As defendants’ amended petition and the order of Supreme Court … in the Kings County proceeding reflect, the issue to be determined therein was the validity of the 2019 election, not the validity of the 2017 election. Defendants sought in that proceeding to declare the 2019 election a nullity and, as a result, enjoin the individual plaintiffs, purportedly elected in 2019, from acting as the board of directors. Indeed, the court went out of its way during oral argument in that matter to so limit the issue when it stated that it “want[ed] to be very clear that [it was] making no determination in this case as to whether [defendants] have any right to control the corporation by virtue of any acts that predated the [June 2019 election.]” The court further clarified “that [it] take[s] no position on the validity of any actions that [defendants] claim[] to have taken in 2017 and thereafter,” and added that the allegations relating to the 2017 election was part of “[t]he Sullivan County matter” which “is not before [it],” and that the proceeding “has nothing to do with the Sullivan County matter.” More importantly, the order signed by the court was so circumscribed, and granted the amended petition “to the sole extent that it [sought] to invalidate” the 2019 election. Congregation Machne Ger v Berliner, 2022 NY Slip Op 00483, Third Dept 1-27-22

 

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DEFENDANTS ARGUED PLAINTIFF WAS NOT AN EMPLOYEE IN THE WORKERS’ COMPENSATION PROCEEDING; HERE THE DEFENDANTS ARGUED PLAINTIFF WAS AN EMPLOYEE AND HIS REMEDY WAS LIMITED TO WORKERS’ COMPENSATION; THE DOCTRINE OF JUDICIAL ESTOPPEL PRECLUDED THE WORKERS’ COMPENSATION AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE IN THIS ACTION (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, reversing (modifying) Supreme Court, over a dissent, determined the judicial estoppel doctrine applied and plaintiff’s motion to dismiss the workers’ compensation affirmative defense in this personal injury action should have been granted. Plaintiff was injured on the job. In the Workers’ Compensation proceeding defendants argued plaintiff was an not an employee. In this action defendants argued he was an employee and his recovery is limited to Workers’ Compensation:

… [T]he record makes clear that defendants, through Old Republic [insurance company], consistently advanced in the Workers’ Compensation Law proceeding the theory that plaintiff was not its employee. Old Republic, as the workers’ compensation carrier for defendants, was subsequently discharged from this proceeding. As such, defendants achieved its desired result after asserting the lack of an employer-employee relationship. Although the record is not explicit as to the basis for the discharge of Old Republic from the Workers’ Compensation Law proceeding, “[t]he policy behind judicial estoppel would not be served by limiting its application to cases where the legal position at issue was ruled upon in the context of a judgment” … .

In this action … defendants have taken a contrary position — i.e., plaintiff was employed by defendants as a special employee and, therefore, his sole remedy for compensation was to pursue workers’ compensation benefits. Allowing defendants to argue in this action that plaintiff was their employee, after they had disavowed an employer-employee relationship in the Workers’ Compensation Law proceeding and received a benefit from this position, would subvert the equitable policy behind the doctrine of judicial estoppel … . Walker v GlaxoSmithKline, LLC, 2022 NY Slip Op 00484, Third Dept 1-27-22

 

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THE EVIDENCE SUPPORTED THE DEFENSE VERDICT IN THIS ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLE ACCIDENT CASE; TWO DISSENTERS ARGUED THE 14-YEAR-OLD DEFENDANT DRIVER ACKNOWLEDGED HIS NEGLIGENCE ON THE STAND (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, over a partial dissent, determined the jury verdict finding the 14-year-old defendant driver of an all-terrain vehicle (a Gator) was not negligent was supported by the evidence. The Gator overturned and the 16-year-old passenger was injured. The defendant’s and plaintiff’s descriptions of the accident conflicted. The dissenters argued the defendant acknowledged he was negligent when he testified:

The jury heard … conflicting testimony regarding how defendant was driving at the time of the accident, whether that driving was what led to the Gator tipping over and whether defendant had any reason to believe that his actions posed a risk of harm given the acknowledged stability of the Gator and the fact that he and plaintiff had already performed several donuts without incident. It was for the jury to resolve these factual questions and determine whether defendant “fail[ed] to use that degree of care that a reasonably prudent person would have used under the same circumstances” and engaged in conduct posing a reasonably foreseeable risk to others … . ….

From the dissent:

… [D]efendant testified that he was 14 years old on the day of the accident, that he was operating the John Deere Gator Utility Vehicle (hereinafter Gator) and performing a “donut” at the time of the accident. He described a donut as “the action of turning the wheel of the vehicle while pressing the accelerator in order to get the back wheels to spin out.” He stated that he knew that the Gator was not intended as a recreational vehicle and also testified that, although he was aware of the manufacturer’s safety warnings pertaining to limitations on speed, the use of seat belts and the prohibition of anyone younger than 16 years old driving the vehicle, he disregarded many of those warnings at the time of the accident. Finally, he testified that, although he had always operated the Gator safely in the past, his parents were angry with him after this accident “because [he] was driving [the Gator] in a manner that was inconsistent with [his] entire past.” When asked if this manner was unsafe, defendant simply stated “yes.” Wright v O’Leary, 2022 NY Slip Op 00485, Third Dept 1-27-22

 

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PETITIONERS DID NOT TAKE STEPS TO PRESERVE THE STATUS QUO AS THEY SOUGHT TO VACATE A CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT; THE CONSTRUCTION PROGRESSED TO THE POINT WHERE THE COURT MUST DISMISS THE APPEAL AS MOOT (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department determined the petitioners’ appeal of the denial of a declaratory judgment seeking to vacate the award of a construction contract by the Office of State Comptroller (OSC) must be dismissed as moot. The petitioners did not seek to maintain the status quo by injunction and the work had progressed too far:

… [T]he doctrine of mootness is invoked where a change in circumstances prevents a court from rendering a decision that would effectively determine an actual controversy” … . Where a change in circumstances involves the substantial completion of construction, “courts must consider several factors, including whether the challengers sought preliminary injunctive relief or otherwise attempted to preserve the status quo to prevent construction from commencing or continuing during the pendency of the litigation”… . Although injunctive relief is theoretically available, as a project can be dismantled, courts consider how far the work has progressed toward completion in determining mootness … . Matter of Bothar Constr., LLC v Dominguez, 2022 NY Slip Op 00346, Third Dept 1-20-22

 

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SUNY ALBANY NOT PROTECTED BY GOVERNMENT IMMUNITY IN THIS CASE BROUGHT BY A STUDENT WHO ALLEGED SHE WAS ASSAULTED IN HER DORM ROOM BY A PERSON NOT AUTHORIZED TO BE IN THE DORM; THERE WERE QUESTIONS OF FACT ABOUT THE ADEQUACY OF SECURITY AND THE FORESEEABILITY OF THE ASSAULT (THIRD DEPT). ​

The Third Department determined defendant SUNY Albany’s motion for summary judgment in this inadequate-security case was properly denied. Claimant was assaulted in her dorm room by a person who was not authorized to be in the dormitory. The Court of Claims held the school was not protected by government immunity because building security was a proprietary function (akin to a landlord’s duty), as opposed to a governmental function, and therefore government immunity did not apply. There was evidence the lock on the dormitory door was not adequate and the sexual assault by an intruder was foreseeable:

As the Court of Appeals has recognized, “[a] governmental entity’s conduct may fall along a continuum of responsibility to individuals and society deriving from its governmental and proprietary functions” and “any issue relating to the safety or security of an individual claimant must be carefully scrutinized to determine the point along the continuum that the [governmental entity’s] alleged negligent action falls into, either a proprietary or governmental capacity” (Miller v State of New York, 62 NY2d 506, 511-512 [1984]). In Miller, a student at a state university was raped by an intruder in the laundry room in her dormitory. The Court of Appeals permitted the claim of negligence — stemming from the defendant’s failure to lock the entrance doors to the dormitory — to go forward in the defendant’s proprietary capacity as a landlord. As in Miller, claimant’s allegations that defendants failed to, among other things, install proper security devices, including locks, clearly implicate defendants’ proprietary function as a landlord, and the Court of Claims therefore correctly rejected defendants’ claim of governmental immunity. …

“Landlords have a common-law duty to take minimal precautions to protect tenants from foreseeable harm, including foreseeable criminal conduct by a third person” … . Criminal conduct is foreseeable if it is “reasonably predictable based on the prior occurrence of the same or similar criminal activity at a location sufficiently proximate to the subject location” … . P.R.B. v State of New York, 2022 NY Slip Op 00348, Third Dept 1-20-22

 

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THE NUMBER OF FIREFIGHTERS WHICH MUST BE ON DUTY DURING A SHIFT IS A HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUE, WHICH IS ARBITRABLE PURSUANT TO THE COLLECTIVE BARGANING AGREEMENT, NOT A JOB SECURITY ISSUE (WHICH IS NOT ARBITRABLE) (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the number of firefighters which must be on duty during a shift is not a job-security issue and is therefore arbitrable pursuant to the collective bargaining agreement (CBA):

Respondent contends that Supreme Court erred in concluding that its grievance concerned nonarbitrable job security clauses as the clauses relate only to minimum shift staffing requirements and do not guarantee employment to bargaining unit members during the life of the CBA, a hallmark of a no-layoff job security clause. Respondent further asserts that minimum staffing requirements set forth in … the CBA pertain to health and safety concerns and are properly the subject of arbitration.

… [T]he CBA “does not purport to guarantee a[n] [officer] his or her employment while the CBA is in effect, nor does it prohibit layoffs” … . “It also does not protect officers ‘from abolition of their positions due to budget stringencies'” … . … [T]he CBA only sets forth “minimum staffing on particular shifts” … . Matter of City of Ogdensburg (Ogdensburg Firefighters Assn. Local 1799, A.F.L., C.I.O., I.A.F.F), 2022 NY Slip Op 00237, Third Dept 1-13-22

 

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CRIMINAL SALE OF A CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE FIRST DEGREE AND THE RELATED CONSPIRACY CONVICTIONS WERE AGAINST THE WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department determined the criminal sale of a controlled substance first degree and the related conspiracy convictions were against the weight of the evidence:

In a weight of the evidence review, we first determine whether, based on all of the credible evidence, a different finding would have been unreasonable, and, if not, we then “weigh the relative probative force of the conflicting testimony and the relative strength of the conflicting inferences that may be drawn from the testimony” to determine if the verdict is supported by the weight of the evidence … . . * * *

Although the jury may have been able to infer from the intercepted communications that defendant sold cocaine to Henry on October 28, 2017, the evidence failed to satisfy the two ounce or more weight element of criminal sale of a controlled substance in the first degree … . Under these circumstances, the evidence falls short of establishing the elements of criminal sale of a controlled substance in the first degree when viewed in a neutral light … . As defendant’s conspiracy conviction is premised upon the criminal sale in the first degree charge, it too must fall based upon a review of the weight of the evidence … . People v Adams, 2022 NY Slip Op 00076, Third Dept 1-6-22

 

CLAIMANT’S EXPERT PROVIDED SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE OF A CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CLAIMANT FIREFIGHTER’S LUNG CANCER AND EXPOSURE TO TOXINS AT GROUND ZERO, WORKERS’ COMPENSATION BOARD REVERSED (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, reversing the Workers’ Compensation Board, determined the evidence supported a finding that claimant firefighter’s lung cancer and death were caused by exposure to toxins at Ground Zero:

The Board found the opinion of Ploss [claimant’s expert] to be incredible in part because he did not “cite to any studies or other evidence to sufficiently explain his opinion regarding causation.” However, Ploss opined that “[i]t is well accepted that the numerous carcinogens contained in the debris of th[e] highly polluted area known as Ground Zero could cause numerous malignancies such as cancer of the lungs.” As claimant asserts, the question of whether such studies supported the doctor’s findings could have been raised at the hearing, but was not. Ploss further testified that the toxic exposure at Ground Zero that decedent experienced was intense and concentrated given his prolonged exposure and lack of respiratory protection and that such exposure would have resulted in damage to decedent’s bronchial tree and lung tissue. In our view, the medical opinion of Ploss was neither speculative nor a general expression of possibility and demonstrated that decedent’s exposure at Ground Zero and the World Trade Center site was a contributing factor to his demise for purposes of causation. In view of the foregoing, the Board improperly rejected Ploss’ uncontroverted medical opinion as to causation … . Matter of Murphy v New York State Cts., 2022 NY Slip Op 00087, Third Dept 1-6-22

 

THE WIND BLOWING A DOOR SHUT ON PETITIONER POLICE OFFICER’S HAND DID NOT CONSTITUTE AN “ACCIDENT” WITHIN THE MEANING OF THE RETIREMENT AND SOCIAL SECURITY LAW (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, over a two-justice dissent, determined petitioner police officer’s injury caused by wind slamming a door on her hand was not an “accident” entitling her to disability benefits:

… “[W]hen determining whether a precipitating event was unexpected, [the Comptroller] and courts may … consider whether the injured person had direct knowledge of the hazard prior to the incident or whether the hazard could have been reasonably anticipated so long as such a factual finding is based upon substantial evidence in the record” … . * * *

… [P]etitioner testified that, as she was walking from the bus to the booth to write her report, she observed that it was windy. Indeed, petitioner does not dispute that, on the day of the incident, it was cold and windy and that she was aware of the weather conditions. According to petitioner, the door to the booth weighed between 80 and 100 pounds and she was aware that the door would close on its own, as it did not have a closure arm attached to slow its closure. Petitioner further testified that, when she went to open the door to the booth, she felt resistance due to the wind blowing against it and she only opened the door enough for her to “squeeze” herself in. As petitioner entered the doorway, she felt a gust of wind and, concerned that the door was going to hit her as it closed, she put her right hand out behind her for protection. The wind blew the door shut behind her, slamming her right hand in the doorjamb. … [S]ubstantial evidence supports the Comptroller’s determination that petitioner could have reasonably anticipated that the wind would blow the door closed on her and, therefore, the incident did not constitute an accident within the meaning of the Retirement and Social Security Law … . Matter of Rizzo v DiNapoli, 2022 NY Slip Op 00095, Third Dept 1-6-22

 

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THE UNLAWFUL SURVEILLANCE CONVICTION DID NOT INVOLVE “SEXUAL CONTACT” AS DEFINED BY THE PENAL LAW; THEREFORE THE 20 POINT ASSESSMENT FOR “SEXUAL CONTACT” WAS ERROR (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, reversing (modifying) County Court, determined the risk factors requiring “sexual contact” and a “prior felony or sex crime” were not supported:

County Court erred in assessing points under risk factors 4 and 10. The assessment of points under risk factor 4 is warranted where a defendant has engaged in “either (i) two or more acts of sexual contact, at least one of which is an act of sexual intercourse, oral sexual conduct, anal sexual conduct, or aggravated sexual contact, which acts are separated in time by at least 24 hours, or (ii) three or more acts of sexual contact over a period of at least two weeks” … . For purposes of risk classification, the Penal Law definition of terms is used … . The record does not reflect that defendant’s crimes of conviction, for unlawful surveillance in the second degree … , involved any form of sexual contact … . In the absence of any record evidence that defendant engaged in sexual contact with any victim, 20 points should not have been assessed under risk factor 4 … . Likewise, the record lacks any evidence that defendant had a “prior felony or sex crime” within three years of the unlawful surveillance sex offenses and, thus, the court erred in assessing 10 points under risk factor 10 … . People v Wassilie, 2022 NY Slip Op 00103, Third Dept 1-6-22

 

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