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THE EVIDENCE RELIED UPON BY COUNTY COURT TO DENY DEFENDANT’S RESENTENCING PURSUANT TO THE DRUG LAW REFORM ACT (DLRA) WAS NOT SUFFICIENT TO OVERCOME THE STATUTORY PRESUMPTION FAVORING RESENTENCING (SECOND DEPT).

Second Department, reversing County Court, determined the evidence relied upon by County Court was not sufficient to overcome the statutory presumption in favor of resentencing pursuant to the Drug Law Reform Act (DLRA):

Where, as here, a defendant is eligible for resentencing relief pursuant to the 2004 DLRA and CPL 440.46, there is a statutory presumption in favor of resentencing …  . Although resentencing is not mandatory, there is a presumption that th.e defendant is entitled to benefit from the reforms enacted by the Legislature based upon its judgment that the prior sentencing scheme for drug offenses like those committed by the defendant was excessively harsh … .

Under the circumstances of this case, the factors relied upon by the County Court in denying the motion, including the defendant’s criminal history, the quantity of drugs involved in the underlying offenses, and the defendant’s disciplinary infractions while incarcerated, were insufficient to overcome the statutory presumption … . People v Williams, 2021 NY Slip Op 02831, Second Dept 5-5-21

 

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THE LAW OF THE CASE DOCTRINE PRECLUDED SUPREME COURT’S CONSIDERATION OF ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE TO JUSTIFY SENTENCING DEFENDANT AS A PERSISTENT VIOLENT FELONY OFFENDER; THE APPELLATE COURT HAD SENT THE MATTER BACK FOR RESENTENCING AFTER FINDING PERSISTENT VIOLENT FELONY OFFENDER STATUS WAS NOT SUPPORTED BY THE EVIDENCE (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the law of the case doctrine precluded precluded Supreme Court from considering additional evidence and finding the incarceration tolling period was sufficient to permit sentencing defendant as a persistent violent felony offender. The Second Department, on a prior appeal, had found the tolling period insufficient and sent the matter back for resentencing:

“The doctrine of the law of the case is a rule of practice, an articulation of sound policy that, when an issue is once judicially determined, that should be the end of the matter as far as Judges and courts of co-ordinate jurisdiction are concerned” … . “An appellate court’s resolution of an issue on a prior appeal constitutes the law of the case and is binding on the Supreme Court, as well as on the appellate court” … , and “‘forecloses reexamination of [an issue previously determined] absent a showing of newly discovered evidence or a change in the law'” … .

Here, this Court previously determined, on the merits, that the defendant’s incarceration dates did not amount to a sufficient tolling period so as to qualify the March 27, 1987 conviction as a predicate violent felony under Penal Law § 70.04(1)(b)(iv) and (v). The People had a full and fair opportunity to litigate this issue both at the initial hearing before the Supreme Court in 2013, and before this Court on appeal … . People v Kaval, 2021 NY Slip Op 02823, Second Dept 5-5-21

 

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ALTHOUGH THE EVIDENCE OF SERIOUS PHYSICAL INJURY WAS INSUFFICIENT, THE EVIDENCE DEFENDANT INTENDED TO INFLICT SERIOUS PHYSICAL INJURY WAS SUFFICIENT; CONVICTIONS REDUCED TO ATTEMPTED GANG ASSAULT, ASSAULT AND ROBBERY (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reducing defendant’s gang assault, assault and robbery convictions to attempted gang assault, assault and robbery, determined the evidence of serious physical injury was insufficient, but the evidence of an intent to inflict serious physical injury was sufficient. The victim was attacked and slashed but no internal organs were injured:

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution… , we find that the evidence was not legally sufficient to establish the defendant’s guilt on these counts. Although the complainant was stabbed multiple times, there was no evidence of serious and protracted disfigurement, protracted impairment of health, or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily organ … .

However, the evidence at trial also established beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant acted with the intent to inflict serious physical injury and came “dangerously near” to committing the completed crimes … . Accordingly, we modify the judgment by reducing the defendant’s convictions of gang assault in the first degree, assault in the first degree, robbery in the first degree under Penal Law § 160.15(1), and assault in the second degree to attempted gang assault in the first degree, attempted assault in the first degree, attempted robbery in the first degree, and attempted assault in the second degree, respectively, and we remit the matter to the Supreme Court, Queens County, for sentencing. People v Aragundi, 2021 NY Slip Op 02811, Second Dept 5-5-21

 

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WITHOUT EVIDENCE THE TWO POSSESSION-OF-A-WEAPON CHARGES RELATED TO DISTINCT EVENTS, CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN IMPOSED (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing the convictions and vacating the sentences, determined there was no evidence the two possession-of-a-weapon charges were based upon distinct events. Therefore consecutive sentences should not have been imposed:

County Court should not have imposed consecutive sentences upon the defendant’s conviction of the two counts of criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree. Sentences imposed for two or more offenses may not run consecutively where, among other things, “a single act constitutes two offenses” … . Here, there was no showing that the defendant’s acts underlying the crimes were separate and distinct and consequently, consecutive sentences could not be imposed (see Penal Law § 70.25[2 … ).

Under the particular circumstances of this case, we reverse the judgments of convictions, vacate the sentences imposed thereon, and remit the matters … for further proceedings, at which the People should be given the opportunity to withdraw their consent to the plea agreement, should they be so advised … . People v Adams, 2021 NY Slip Op 02808, Second Dept 5-5-21

 

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FAMILY COURT, UPON REMITTAL AFTER A PRIOR REVERSAL ON APPEAL, DID NOT MAKE A SUFFICIENT RECORD FOR REVIEW OF ITS ORDER RE: FATHER’S PARENTAL ACCESS (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Family Court, determined Family Court, upon remittal after a prior reversal, did not create a sufficient record to allow review of its order re: father’s parental access schedule:

“In determining custody and [parental access] issues, the most important factor to be considered is the best interests of the child” … . “Generally, [parental access] should be determined after a full evidentiary hearing to determine the best interests of the child” … .

“A trial court must state in its decision ‘the facts it deems essential’ to its determination” … . “Effective appellate review, especially in proceedings involving child custody determinations, ‘requires that appropriate factual findings be made by the trial court—the court best able to measure the credibility of the witnesses'” … . Under the circumstances of this case, the record is not sufficient for this Court to conduct an intelligent review of the evidence.

Furthermore, the children are of such an age and maturity that information regarding their preferences is necessary to create a sufficient record to determine their best interests … . Matter of Georgiou-Ely v Ely, 021 NY Slip Op 02796, Second Dept 5-5-21

 

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RATHER THAN TERMINATING MOTHER’S PARENTAL RIGHTS, FAMILY COURT SHOULD HAVE SUSPENDED JUDGMENT TO GIVE MOTHER A CHANCE TO PREPARE FOR REUNIFICATION WITH HER CHILD (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Family Court, determined the termination of mother’s parental rights was not demonstrated to be in the child’s best interests. Judgment should have been suspended so mother could prepare for reunification with the child:

At the dispositional stage of a proceeding to terminate parental rights, the Family Court must make its determination based solely on the best interests of the child (see Family Ct Act § 631). Depending on the best interests of the child, the court has to either dismiss the petition, suspend judgment for up to one year, or terminate parental rights (see Family Ct Act §§ 631, 633[b]; Social Services Law § 384-b[8][f]). A dispositional order suspending judgment provides a brief grace period to give a parent found to have permanently neglected a child a second chance to prepare for reunification with the child (see Family Ct Act § 633 …). …

… [I]t is undisputed that the mother engaged in regular phone conversations with the child at least once a week; that, since March 2019, following a difficult pregnancy with her younger child which impeded her ability to travel from her apartment in upper Manhattan to the agency in Jamaica, Queens, where visitation occurred, she had been regularly visiting the child; that the child continued to refer to the mother as her mother and her foster parent as her auntie; and that there is a strong bond between the mother and the child and between the child and the mother’s younger child, who resided with the mother. In addition, the mother had completed a drug treatment program and was drug free, attended a parenting class with intentions to attend additional classes, underwent a mental health evaluation, and was receiving therapy and preventive services. Further, following the child’s placement in foster care, the mother, who, at the time that she gave birth to the child, was 20 years old and living in a group home, having entered foster care herself at the age of 17, obtained an associate’s degree and secured an apartment. Moreover, in a related derivative neglect proceeding filed with respect to the mother’s younger child, the mother was granted a suspended judgment which expired in July 2020. Matter of Grace G. (Gloria G.), 2021 NY Slip Op 02795, Second Dept 5-5-21

 

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PLAINTIFF DID NOT DEMONSTRATE STANDING TO BRING THE FORECLOSURE ACTION AND DID NOT PROVIDE SUFFICIENT PROOF OF COMPLIANCE WITH THE NOTICE REQUIREMENTS OF RPAPL 1304 (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the plaintiff did not demonstrate standing to bring the foreclosure action, the defendants properly raised plaintiff’s failure to comply with the notice requirements of RPAPL 1304 in opposition to the plaintiff’s summary judgment motion, and the plaintiff’s proof of compliance with the notice requirements was insufficient:

… [T]he plaintiff failed … to establish its standing to commence this action. The copy of the note submitted in support of the plaintiff’s motion contained two additional pages, the first entitled “Allonge to Note” and the second entitled “Note Allonge.” However, as the defendants correctly contend, the plaintiff did not submit any evidence to indicate that the purported allonges were so firmly affixed to the note so as to become a part thereof (see UCC 3-202[2] …). …

… [S]ince the proper service of a RPAPL 1304 notice is a condition precedent to the commencement of a foreclosure action, the defendants could properly raise this defense for the first time in their opposition to the plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment, and the burden of establishing prima facie compliance with the requirements of RPAPL 1304 was with the plaintiff … . …

… [I]n order to establish its compliance with the notice requirements of RPAPL 1304, the plaintiff submitted two affidavits from its “authorized signer,” Tracy A. Duck. However, contrary to the Supreme Court’s determination, neither affidavit was sufficient to establish the plaintiff’s strict compliance with the notice requirements of RPAPL 1304. Among other things, Duck did not aver that she was familiar with the mailing practices and procedures of the entity that purportedly sent the notices … . Moreover, the business records attached to Duck’s second affidavit were insufficient to establish compliance with RPAPL 1304 … . LNV Corp. v Almberg, 2021 NY Slip Op 02791, Second Dept 5-5-21

 

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ALTHOUGH THE CORD WHICH ALLEGEDLY CAUSED PLAINTIFF’S SLIP AND FALL MAY HAVE BEEN OPEN AND OBVIOUS, DEFENDANTS DID NOT DEMONSTRATE IT WAS NOT INHERENTLY DANGEROUS; DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN GRANTED (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined defendants did not establish that the cord or wire over which plaintiff tripped and fell was not inherently dangerous, even if the cord was open and obvious:

The plaintiff allegedly was injured when she tripped and fell over a cord or microphone wire while attending an event at certain property purportedly owned by the defendants … . She commenced this action against the defendants and one other defendant to recover damages for personal injuries. The defendants moved for summary judgment dismissing the complaint insofar as asserted against them. The Supreme Court granted the defendants’ motion on the ground that the condition of the wire or cord was open and obvious and not inherently dangerous. The plaintiff appeals.

In support of their motion, the defendants failed to establish, prima facie, that the cord or wire was not inherently dangerous … . Franzo v Town of Hempstead, 2021 NY Slip Op 02787, Second Dept 5-5-21

 

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DEFENDANTS DID NOT DEMONSTRATE A LACK OF CONSTRUCTIVE NOTICE OF LIQUID ON THE DANCE FLOOR IN THE AREA OF PLAINTIFF’S SLIP AND FALL; DEFENDANTS’ SUMMARY JUDGMENT MOTION SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN GRANTED (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined defendant did not demonstrate it lacked constructive notice of liquid on the dance floor in the area of plaintiff’s slip and fall:

The defendants did not submit any evidence regarding specific cleaning or inspection of the area in question, or any other affirmative proof to demonstrate how long the condition had existed. In support of their motion, they submitted the transcript of the deposition testimony of Hercules Sirico, the catering hall owner, who testified that the wood dance floor would be cleaned on an as-needed basis by one of the porters, of whom he was in charge. Sirico also testified that, on the night of the subject party, he entered the ballroom where the party was being held multiple times to make sure that members of his staff were doing things properly, but did not stay in the ballroom during the entire party. Although Sirico testified that, while he was in the ballroom, he always took a look at the dance floor and did not notice any wetness or liquids on it, he also testified that every time he was in the ballroom, the dance floor was always packed, with more than 100 people dancing, that guests would get drinks at the “constantly busy” mobile bar situated just “shy” of the dance floor, and bring the drinks onto the dance floor, and that no one stopped or warned the guests from doing so. Further, the defendants submitted the transcript of the plaintiff’s deposition testimony, during which the plaintiff testified that when he went to dance, he was slipping and sliding on the dance floor because it was wet, that there were a lot of people on the dance floor with drinks, and that it was “very dark” in the ballroom. Ellis v Sirico’s Catering, Inc., 2021 NY Slip Op 02785, Second Dept 5-5-21

 

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DEFENDANT, A POLICE OFFICER, WAS PROPERLY CONVICTED OF ASSAULT FOR REPEATEDLY PUNCHING THE VICTIM AFTER THE VICTIM WAS HANDCUFFED AND RESTRAINED FACE DOWN ON THE FLOOR (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department upheld the assault and offering a false instrument for filing convictions of a police officer who unnecessarily repeatedly struck the victim after the victim was handcuffed and restrained:

The evidence supports the court’s finding that defendant, an experienced police officer, lacked a reasonable ground to believe that it was necessary to punch the victim repeatedly to prevent the victim from biting him, both when the victim was rear-cuffed and lying face down on the floor of an apartment building lobby and being effectively restrained by defendant and another officer, and after defendant subsequently brought the victim to the building’s rear stairwell without seeking the assistance of any of the other officers present (see Penal Law §§ 35.05[1], 35.15[1], 35.30[1][a]). The evidence also supports the conclusion that all of defendant’s punches were unjustified, and also supports the alternative conclusion that even if the initial punch were justified, the subsequent punches were unjustified, and these punches caused additional injury … .

The evidence also established that defendant intentionally caused concededly false statements or information to be written on officially filed forms … . People v Saladeen, 2021 NY Slip Op 02760, First Dept 5-4-21

 

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