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SCHOOL MAY HAVE HAD CONSTRUCTIVE KNOWLEDGE OF THE STUDENT’S CLAIM, BUT DID NOT HAVE ACTUAL KNOWLEDGE; LEAVE TO SERVE A LATE NOTICE OF CLAIM SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN GRANTED.

The Fourth Department determined claimant high school wrestler should not have been granted leave to serve a late notice of claim against one of the two named schools, Akron. The claimant alleged he contracted herpes from an Akron wrestler during a tournament at Akron. Although Akron was deemed to have constructive knowledge of the claim, the court found it did not have timely actual knowledge of the essential facts of the claim:

We agree with Akron … that it did not have actual knowledge of the essential facts constituting the claim. Akron established that it was not aware until it received claimant’s application for leave to serve a late notice of claim that he was allegedly infected with herpes by wrestling Akron’s student at the tournament. …[C]laimant here established that, at most, Akron had constructive knowledge of the claim, which is insufficient … . It is well settled that actual knowledge of the claim is the factor that is accorded “great weight” in determining whether to grant leave to serve a late notice of claim … . Even if we agree with claimant that Akron suffered no prejudice from the delay, we nevertheless conclude that the court abused its discretion in granting claimant’s application for leave to serve a late notice of claim against Akron … . Matter of Ficek v Akron Cent. Sch. Dist., 2016 NY Slip Op 07545, 4th Dept 11-10-16

EDUCATION SCHOOL LAW (LATE NOTICE OF CLAIM, SCHOOL MAY HAVE HAD CONSTRUCTIVE KNOWLEDGE OF THE STUDENT’S CLAIM, BUT DID NOT HAVE ACTUAL KNOWLEDGE, LEAVE TO SERVE A LATE NOTICE OF CLAIM SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN GRANTED)/NEGLIGENCE (SCHOOL, LATE NOTICE OF CLAIM, SCHOOL MAY HAVE HAD CONSTRUCTIVE KNOWLEDGE OF THE STUDENT’S CLAIM, BUT DID NOT HAVE ACTUAL KNOWLEDGE, LEAVE TO SERVE A LATE NOTICE OF CLAIM SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN GRANTED)/NOTICE OF CLAIM (SCHOOL, LATE NOTICE OF CLAIM, SCHOOL MAY HAVE HAD CONSTRUCTIVE KNOWLEDGE OF THE STUDENT’S CLAIM, BUT DID NOT HAVE ACTUAL KNOWLEDGE, LEAVE TO SERVE A LATE NOTICE OF CLAIM SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN GRANTED)

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GRIEVANCE FILED AGAINST SCHOOL DISTRICT REGARDING THE DISTRICT’S STARTING A PLENARY ACTION AGAINST A TEACHER UNDER A FAITHLESS SERVANT THEORY WAS ARBITRABLE UNDER THE COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AGREEMENT.

The Second Department determined a grievance involving a teacher was arbitrable under the collective bargaining agreement (CBA). The grievance was filed by the teachers’ association against the school district regarding the district’s starting a plenary action against a teacher under a faithless servant theory:

Here, the respondent, Locust Valley Teachers’ Association (hereinafter the LVTA), filed a grievance against the petitioner, Locust Valley Central School District (hereinafter the School District), regarding the commencement by the School District of a plenary action against a teacher formerly employed by the School District. The former teacher was a member of the LVTA. The applicable collective bargaining agreement (hereinafter CBA) between the parties provided that either party had the right to submit a grievance to arbitration, where that grievance was not resolved by the School District. The CBA defined a “grievance” as “a claimed violation, misinterpretation or inequitable application [of a] provision of th[e] Agreement.” In the plenary action, the School District sought, under a “faithless servant” theory, the forfeiture of all compensation earned by the subject teacher pursuant to the CBA during a period of time in which the teacher allegedly engaged in certain criminal conduct. That conduct ultimately resulted in the teacher’s plea of guilty to several criminal charges.

The School District has not identified any statutory, constitutional, or public policy prohibition against arbitrating the grievance. Further, in light of the fact that the grievance concerns the right of the School District to bring a plenary action seeking the equitable forfeiture of compensation paid to the teacher under the CBA, there exists a reasonable relationship between the grievance and the CBA. Therefore, the Supreme Court did not err in finding the grievance to be arbitrable pursuant to the CBA … . Locust Val. Cent. Sch. Dist. v Benstock, 2016 NY Slip Op 07299, 2nd Dept 11-9-16

 

ARBITRATION (GRIEVANCE FILED AGAINST SCHOOL DISTRICT REGARDING THE DISTRICT’S STARTING A PLENARY ACTIONS AGAINST A TEACHER UNDER A FAITHLESS SERVANT THEORY WAS ARBITRABLE UNDER THE COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AGREEMENT)/EMPLOYMENT LAW (COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AGREEMENT, GRIEVANCE FILED AGAINST SCHOOL DISTRICT REGARDING THE DISTRICT’S STARTING A PLENARY ACTIONS AGAINST A TEACHER UNDER A FAITHLESS SERVANT THEORY WAS ARBITRABLE UNDER THE COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AGREEMENT)/EDUCATION-SCHOOL LAW (GRIEVANCE FILED AGAINST SCHOOL DISTRICT REGARDING THE DISTRICT’S STARTING A PLENARY ACTIONS AGAINST A TEACHER UNDER A FAITHLESS SERVANT THEORY WAS ARBITRABLE UNDER THE COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AGREEMENT)/FAITHLESS SERVANT THEORY (GRIEVANCE FILED AGAINST SCHOOL DISTRICT REGARDING THE DISTRICT’S STARTING A PLENARY ACTIONS AGAINST A TEACHER UNDER A FAITHLESS SERVANT THEORY WAS ARBITRABLE UNDER THE COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AGREEMENT)/TEACHERS (GRIEVANCE FILED AGAINST SCHOOL DISTRICT REGARDING THE DISTRICT’S STARTING A PLENARY ACTIONS AGAINST A TEACHER UNDER A FAITHLESS SERVANT THEORY WAS ARBITRABLE UNDER THE COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AGREEMENT)

MEETINGS OF NYC SCHOOL LEADERSHIP TEAMS ARE SUBJECT TO THE OPEN MEETINGS LAW.

The First Department, in a full-fledged opinion by Justice Kapnick, determined the exclusion of a retired teacher from meetings of New York City School Leadership Teams (SLT’s} violated the Open Meetings Law:

By regulation, respondent New York City Department of Education (DOE) has implemented this mandate through the establishment of SLTs in every school … . SLTs have between 10 and 17 members, made up of school parents, teachers, staff, and administrators, and may also include “representatives of Community Based Organizations” … . The school principal, president of the parent association, and chapter leader of the teachers’ union must be members. At least two student members are also required for each high school … . SLTs must meet at least once a month “at a time that is convenient for the parent representatives” … . Notice of this meeting must be provided in a manner “consistent with the open meetings law” … . * * *

As the IAS court properly found … SLTs qualify as a public body performing governmental functions, and, therefore, are subject to the Open Meetings Law. Matter of Thomas v New York City Dept. of Educ., 2016 NY Slip Op 06989, 1st Dept 10-25-16

 

EDUCATION-SCHOOL LAW (MEETINGS OF NYC SCHOOL LEADERSHIP TEAMS ARE SUBJECT TO THE OPEN MEETINGS LAW)/SCHOOL LEADERSHIP TEAMS (MEETINGS OF NYC SCHOOL LEADERSHIP TEAMS ARE SUBJECT TO THE OPEN MEETINGS LAW)/OPEN MEETINGS LAW (MEETINGS OF NYC SCHOOL LEADERSHIP TEAMS ARE SUBJECT TO THE OPEN MEETINGS LAW)

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APPLICATION TO FILE LATE NOTICE OF CLAIM SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN GRANTED. NO SHOWING OF DEFENDANT’S TIMELY AWARENESS OF THE INJURIES.

The Fourth Department determined claimant’s application for leave to file a late notice of claim should not have been granted. Apparently plaintiff’s daughter was injured by a student from defendant school district who was subject to an order of protection requiring the student to stay away from the school attended by claimant’s daughter. Although claimant demonstrated defendant had timely knowledge of the order of protection but not demonstrate the defendant had timely knowledge of any injuries resulting from the violation of the order:

 

Supreme Court abused its discretion in granting claimant’s application for leave to serve a late notice of claim pursuant to General Municipal Law § 50-e (5) approximately one year after the incident in which her daughter was injured occurred. “It is well settled that key factors for the court to consider in determining an application for leave to serve a late notice of claim are whether the claimant has demonstrated a reasonable excuse for the delay, whether the municipality acquired actual knowledge of the essential facts constituting the claim within 90 days of its accrual or within a reasonable time thereafter, and whether the delay would substantially prejudice the municipality in maintaining a defense on the merits” … . “While the presence or absence of any single factor is not determinative, one factor that should be accorded great weight is whether the [municipality] received actual knowledge of the facts constituting the claim in a timely manner” … . It is well established that “[k]nowledge of the injuries or damages claimed . .. , rather than mere notice of the underlying occurrence, is necessary to establish actual knowledge of the essential facts of the claim within the meaning of General Municipal Law § 50-e (5)” … , and the claimant has the burden of demonstrating that the respondent had actual timely knowledge … . Matter of Turlington v Brockport Cent. Sch. Dist., 2016 NY Slip Op 06572, 4th Dept 10-7-16

EDUCATION-SCHOOL LAW (APPLICATION TO FILE LATE NOTICE OF CLAIM SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN GRANTED. NO SHOWING OF DEFENDANT’S TIMELY AWARENESS OF THE INJURIES)/MUNICIPAL LAW (APPLICATION TO FILE LATE NOTICE OF CLAIM SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN GRANTED. NO SHOWING OF DEFENDANT’S TIMELY AWARENESS OF THE INJURIES)/NOTICE OF CLAIM (APPLICATION TO FILE LATE NOTICE OF CLAIM SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN GRANTED. NO SHOWING OF DEFENDANT’S TIMELY AWARENESS OF THE INJURIES)

LAWSUIT ALLEGING CONSTITUTIONALLY DEFICIENT FUNDING FOR CHARTER SCHOOL FACILITIES SHOULD HAVE BEEN DISMISSED IN ITS ENTIRETY.

The Fourth Department, in a full-fledged opinion by Justice Troutman, determined a lawsuit brought by a charter school network and students (infant plaintiffs), alleging deficient funding for charter-school facilities violated the Education Article and equal protection, should have been dismissed in its entirety. Although the network was deemed to have the capacity to sue under the Education Article, it did not have standing to sue because the article protects students not schools. The infant plaintiffs’ cause of action under the Education Article was deficient because it did not plead a district-wide funding problem. The disparity in facilities funding between charter and public schools was deemed to have a rational basis. The “disparate impact” cause of action failed to allege discriminatory intent.  Brown v State of New York, 2016 NY Slip Op 06566, 4th Dept 10-7-16

 

EDUCATION-SCHOOL LAW (LAWSUIT ALLEGING CONSTITUTIONALLY DEFICIENT FUNDING FOR CHARTER SCHOOL FACILITIES SHOULD HAVE BEEN DISMISSED IN ITS ENTIRETY)/CHARTER SCHOOLS (LAWSUIT ALLEGING CONSTITUTIONALLY DEFICIENT FUNDING FOR CHARTER SCHOOL FACILITIES SHOULD HAVE BEEN DISMISSED IN ITS ENTIRETY)

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CHAIN BETWEEN TWO POLES NOT AN OPEN AND OBVIOUS CONDITION, SCHOOL’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT IN THIS TRIP AND FALL CASE PROPERLY DENIED.

The Second Department determined the defendant school district did not demonstrate a chain stretched between two poles, over which plaintiff tripped and fell at a pep rally, was an open and obvious condition. Therefore the school’s motion for summary judgment was properly denied:

There is no duty to warn of a condition which is open and obvious and not inherently dangerous … . “The issue of whether a dangerous condition is open and obvious is fact-specific, and usually a question for a jury” … . “A condition that is ordinarily apparent to a person making reasonable use of his or her senses may be rendered a trap for the unwary where the condition is obscured or the plaintiff is distracted’ … .

Here, the defendant failed to establish, prima facie, that the chain was open and obvious given the crowd and lighting conditions at the time of the accident … . Since the defendant failed to establish its prima facie entitlement to judgment as a matter of law, it is not necessary to review the sufficiency of the plaintiff’s opposition papers … . Simon v Comsewogue Sch. Dist., 2016 NY Slip Op 06486, 2nd Dept 10-5-16

 

NEGLIGENCE (CHAIN BETWEEN TWO POLES NOT AN OPEN AND OBVIOUS CONDITION, SCHOOL’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT IN THIS TRIP AND FALL CASE PROPERLY DENIED)/EDUCATION-SCHOOL LAW (TRIP AND FALL, CHAIN BETWEEN TWO POLES NOT AN OPEN AND OBVIOUS CONDITION, SCHOOL’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT IN THIS TRIP AND FALL CASE PROPERLY DENIED)/SLIP AND FALL (CHAIN BETWEEN TWO POLES NOT AN OPEN AND OBVIOUS CONDITION, SCHOOL’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT IN THIS TRIP AND FALL CASE PROPERLY DENIED)

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TERMINATION OF TENURED TEACHER WAS TOO SEVERE A SANCTION FOR INAPPROPRIATE BEHAVIOR WHICH DID NOT VIOLATE ANY RULE.

The First Department, over a dissent, determined termination of a tenured teacher for inappropriate behavior which did not violate any rule was too severe a sanction. It was alleged, inter alia, the teacher asked his eighth-grade female students about their older sisters and accepted the phone number of one 23-year-old sister:

Based on all the circumstances of the case, including the lack of any prior allegations of misconduct against petitioner during 13 years of service and the fact that the misconduct does not violate any specific rule or regulation, we find the penalty of termination sufficiently disproportionate to the offenses to shock the conscience … .

Moreover, petitioner had never been warned or reprimanded regarding the conduct at issue, and, contrary to the conclusion of the Hearing Officer, there is no evidence that a warning or reprimand or other penalty short of termination would not have caused petitioner to cease the objectionable conduct immediately.

While we share some of our dissenting colleague’s concern regarding petitioner’s behavior and his failure to express any deeper understanding of the inappropriate nature of his actions, we do not agree that the law supports petitioner’s termination at this time. Matter of Williams v City of New York, 2016 NY Slip Op 06184, 1st Dept 9-27-16

 

EDUCATION-SCHOOL LAW (TERMINATION OF TENURED TEACHER WAS TOO SEVERE A SANCTION FOR INAPPROPRIATE BEHAVIOR WHICH DID NOT VIOLATE ANY RULE)/EMPLOYMENT LAW (TEACHERS, TERMINATION OF TENURED TEACHER WAS TOO SEVERE A SANCTION FOR INAPPROPRIATE BEHAVIOR WHICH DID NOT VIOLATE ANY RULE)/TEACHERS (TERMINATION OF TENURED TEACHER WAS TOO SEVERE A SANCTION FOR INAPPROPRIATE BEHAVIOR WHICH DID NOT VIOLATE ANY RULE)

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CERTAIN CAUSES OF ACTION IN COMPLAINTS ALLEGING THE STATE HAS FAILED TO ADEQUATELY FUND NEW YORK CITY PUBLIC SCHOOLS ADEQUATELY PLED; MUNICIPALITY (CITY OF YONKERS), HOWEVER, DID NOT HAVE STANDING TO SUE.

The First Department, in a full-fledged opinion by Justice Tom, determined plaintiffs (parents of students, among others) had sufficiently pled certain causes of action based upon the state’s alleged failure to adequately fund New York City public schools. The complex discussion cannot be summarized here. With respect to a municipality’s (here, the City of Yonkers’) lack of standing standing to sue the state in this context, the court explained:

The City of Yonkers maintains that it has capacity to sue …, asserting that the educational funding cuts have deprived it of a proprietary interest in the Foundation Aid monies calculated to be apportioned to it by formula pursuant to the 2007 Budget and Reform Act. This argument is unpersuasive. Contrary to Yonkers’s contention, the proprietary interest exception does not apply where a municipality has “a mere hope or expectancy” of receiving funds … , but instead “relate[s] to funds or property of a municipal corporation in its possession or to which it had a right to immediate possession” … . The Foundation Aid monies provided for under the 2007 Budget and Reform Act (codified in Education Law § 3602) are the product of a complex formula that turns on the application of numerous variables, including things like a school district’s “daily attendance figures” … . Sums allocated pursuant to the formula therefore vary from year to year. Moreover, any sums provided for by Foundation Aid must themselves be the subject of a separate budgetary appropriation; absent such appropriation, they do not exist (see State Finance Law §§ 4[1]; 40[2][a]). Thus, the Foundation Aid formula does not create any “specific sum of money” that would “create[] a proprietary interest” in any school district … . Aristy-Farer v State of New York, 2016 NY Slip Op 05960, 1st Dept 9-8-16

EDUCATION-SCHOOL LAW (CERTAIN CAUSES OF ACTION IN COMPLAINTS ALLEGING THE STATE HAS FAILED TO ADEQUATELY FUND NEW YORK CITY PUBLIC SCHOOLS ADEQUATELY PLED; MUNICIPALITY (CITY OF YONKERS), HOWEVER, DID NOT HAVE STANDING TO SUE)/MUNICIPAL LAW (CERTAIN CAUSES OF ACTION IN COMPLAINTS ALLEGING THE STATE HAS FAILED TO ADEQUATELY FUND NEW YORK CITY PUBLIC SCHOOLS ADEQUATELY PLED; MUNICIPALITY (CITY OF YONKERS), HOWEVER, DID NOT HAVE STANDING TO SUE)

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TEACHER’S PETITION TO REVIEW DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION’S JOB PERFORMANCE RATING SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN DISMISSED FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CAUSE OF ACTION, CRITERIA EXPLAINED.

The Second Department determined Supreme Court should not have dismissed the teacher’s Article 78 petition seeking review of the NYC Department of Education’s (DOE’s) job performance rating. The court explained the review criteria in the context of a motion to dismiss the petition for failure to state a cause of action:

“On a motion to dismiss a pleading pursuant to CPLR 3211(a)(7), all of the allegations in the petition are deemed true and the petitioner is afforded the benefit of every favorable inference” … . In determining such a motion, the sole criterion is whether the petition sets forth allegations [*2]sufficient to make out a claim that the determination sought to be reviewed was ” made in violation of lawful procedure, was affected by an error of law or was arbitrary and capricious or an abuse of discretion” … . When evidentiary material outside the pleading’s four corners is considered, and the motion is not converted into one for summary judgment, the question becomes whether the pleader has a cause of action, not whether the pleader has stated one and, unless it has been shown that a material fact as claimed by the pleader is not a fact at all, and unless it can be said that no significant dispute exists regarding it, dismissal should not eventuate … .

Applying this standard, the petition and the documents annexed to it establish a cognizable claim that the respondents’ determination was made in violation of lawful procedure, or was arbitrary and capricious or an abuse of discretion. Contrary to the respondents’ contention, the petitioner’s claim is not a mere disagreement as to whether the rating of “unsatisfactory” was deserved. Rather, as set forth in the petition, the petitioner alleges that the process used by the respondents in arriving at the rating was based on a failure to observe her entire class lesson, faulty background knowledge, and unlawful procedure. Matter of Kunik v New York City Dept. of Educ., 2016 NY Slip Op 05812, 2nd Dept 8-17-16

 

EDUCATION-SCHOOL LAW (TEACHER’S PETITION TO REVIEW DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION’S JOB PERFORMANCE RATING SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN DISMISSED FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CAUSE OF ACTION, CRITERIA EXPLAINED)/CIVIL PROCEDURE (TEACHER’S PETITION TO REVIEW DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION’S JOB PERFORMANCE RATING SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN DISMISSED FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CAUSE OF ACTION, CRITERIA EXPLAINED)/TEACHERS (TEACHER’S PETITION TO REVIEW DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION’S JOB PERFORMANCE RATING SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN DISMISSED FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CAUSE OF ACTION, CRITERIA EXPLAINED)

STATUTE ALLOWING PROPERTY OWNERS TO CHOOSE SCHOOL DISTRICTS DOES NOT APPLY TO CONDOMINIUMS WHICH LIE ON THE BORDER BETWEEN TWO DISTRICTS.

The Second Department, affirming Supreme Court’s grant of a motion to set aside plaintiffs’ verdict, determined the statute which allows a property owner to select a school district when the boundary between school districts passes through the owner’s property does not apply to condominiums. The case turned on the interpretation of the statute, which referred only to boundaries passing through single family residences:

… [T]he plain language of Education Law § 3203(1)(b) and its legislative history demonstrate that the statute is applicable only where property is improved by one single family dwelling unit, and not multiple single family dwelling units, and where the school district boundary line intersects property that the dwelling unit is located on. The Supreme Court properly determined that the subject 28-unit condominium complex is not “an owner-occupied single family dwelling unit” located on property intersected by a boundary line within the meaning of Education Law § 3203(1)(b). Therefore, the court properly granted those branches of the school defendants’ motion which were to set aside the jury verdict in favor of the plaintiffs … . Palm v Tuckahoe Union Free School Dist., 2016 NY Slip Op 05558. 2nd Dept 7-20-16

EDUCATION-SCHOOL LAW (STATUTE ALLOWING PROPERTY OWNERS TO CHOOSE SCHOOL DISTRICTS DOES NOT APPLY TO CONDOMINIUMS WHICH LIE ON THE BORDER BETWEEN TWO DISTRICTS)/SCHOOL DISTRICTS (STATUTE ALLOWING PROPERTY OWNERS TO CHOOSE SCHOOL DISTRICTS DOES NOT APPLY TO CONDOMINIUMS WHICH LIE ON THE BORDER BETWEEN TWO DISTRICTS)

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