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ONLY THE COURT CHARGED WITH EMPANELING THE GRAND JURY CAN ORDER THE RELEASE OF THE GRAND JURY MINUTES; IN ORANGE COUNTY THE COURT CHARGED WITH EMPANELING GRAND JURIES IS COUNTY COURT; THEREFORE THE PETITON FOR A WRIT OF PROHIBITION PROHIBITING A SUPREME COURT JUSTICE FROM ORDERING THE RELEASE OF THE GRAND JURY MINUTES WAS GRANTED (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department granted a petition for a writ of prohibition to prohibit a Supreme Court justice from ordering the release of grand jury minutes to the plaintiff in a civil action. Only the court charged with empaneling the grand jury, in this case County Court, can order release of the minutes:

The orders … directing the release of certain grand jury minutes in the subject criminal action and directing the clerk of the court to provide those minutes to the plaintiff’s counsel in the underlying civil action, are subject to prohibition for exceeding the Supreme Court’s authorized powers, as “only the court in charge of a Grand Jury may release testimony from the secrecy requirements of CPL 190.25(4)” … . In Orange County, only terms of the County Court have been charged with the empaneling of grand juries at the times relevant to this proceeding … , and as such, that was the court in charge of the grand jury in the subject criminal action, and the only court authorized to release those grand jury minutes … . Matter of Hoovler v Vazquez-Doles, 2025 NY Slip Op 02204, Secpmd Dept 5-16-25

Practice Point: If a Supreme Court justice issues an order which exceeds that court’s authorized powers, here an an order to release grand jury minutes to a plaintiff in a civil action, a petition for a writ of prohibition will be granted.

 

CRIMINAL POSSESSION OF A WEAPON SECOND DEGREE AND CRIMINAL POSSESSION OF A FIREARM ARE INCLUSORY CONCURRENT COUNTS; THE CRIMINAL POSSESSION OF A FIREARM CONVICTION WAS VACATED (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, vacating the criminal possession of a firearm conviction, determined criminal possession of a weapon second degree and criminal possession of a firearm are inclusory concurrent counts:

CPL 300.30(4) provides that “[c]oncurrent counts are ‘inclusory’ when the offense charged in one is greater than any of those charged in the others and when the latter are all lesser offenses included within the greater” … . CPL 300.40(3)(b) provides, in relevant part, that with respect to inclusory concurrent counts, “[a] verdict of guilty upon the greatest count submitted is deemed a dismissal of every lesser count submitted” … . Here, the defendant was convicted of criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree and criminal possession of a firearm (Penal Law §§ 265.03[1][b]; 265.01-b[1]). Because the charge of criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree and the charge of criminal possession of a firearm are inclusory concurrent counts, the conviction of criminal possession of a firearm, as well as the sentence imposed thereon, must be vacated, and that count of the indictment must be dismissed … . People v Walker, 2025 NY Slip Op 02225, Second Dept 4-16-25

Practice Point: Criminal possession of a weapon second degree and criminal possession of a firearm are inclusory concurrent counts requiring vacation of the criminal possession of a firearm conviction.

 

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UNLIKE A LEVEL-ONE OR LEVEL-TWO STREET STOP, A LEVEL-THREE STREET STOP JUSTIFIES POLICE PURSUIT, EVEN IF THE REASON FOR THE STOP, HERE AN APPARENT IMPENDING ASSAULT, WAS DISSIPATED BY THE SUSPECT’S FLIGHT (CT APP).

The Court of Appeals, in a full-fledged opinion by Judge Singas, affirming the appellate division, determined the police were justified in pursuing the defendant after a level three street stop, even though, at the time of the pursuit, the initial reason for the stop, an apparent impending attack on a pedestrian, had dissipated:

We have previously held that an individual’s flight from a level one or two police encounter, without more, does not provide the reasonable suspicion necessary to pursue them (see People v Holmes, 81 NY2d 1056, 1058 [1993]; People v May, 81 NY2d 725, 728 [1992]; see generally People v De Bour 40 NY2d 210 [1976]). We now hold that when a suspect flees during a lawful level three stop founded on reasonable suspicion of criminal activity, police may pursue the suspect.

… At the suppression hearing, Officer Kyle Eisenhauer of the Rochester Police Department testified that, on the night of the arrest, he was in uniform in an unmarked patrol vehicle with his partner, Officer Jeremy Nellist. The two were driving behind a sedan when a woman on the sidewalk threw a glass bottle at the sedan, which then came to a stop in the middle of the street. Defendant exited the driver’s door of the sedan and “in a very aggressive manner” began yelling at the woman and approached her with clenched fists. According to Eisenhauer, “[i]t appeared [that defendant] was . . . about to attack” the woman. Eisenhauer and Nellist exited their patrol car and told defendant to stop, and defendant “stopped and looked in [their] direction.” The uniformed officers were about 25 feet away from defendant without their guns drawn. Defendant “began to back away, and then quickly turned and began digging in the front of his waistband and running” away from the officers, leaving his car in the middle of the street with the driver’s door open. The officers followed in pursuit. * * *

We reject the notion that a suspect can legally flee a level three stop so long as their flight dissipates the reasonable suspicion of the crime that initially gave rise to the stop. People v Cleveland, 2025 NY Slip Op 02144, CtApp 4-15-25

Practice Point: If the police have reasonable suspicion of criminal activity at the time of a level three street stop, they may pursue the fleeing suspect, even if the initial reason for the stop (here an apparent impending assault) is dissipated by the flight. In contrast, flight from a level one or level two street stop does not justify pursuit.

 

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CRIMINAL POSSESSION OF STOLEN PROPERTY FOURTH AND FIFTH DEGREE ARE LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSES OF CRIMINAL POSSESSION OF STOLEN PROPERTY THIRD DEGREE; UNAUTHORIZED USE OF A VEHICLE, HOWEVER, IS NOT BECAUSE THE CRIMINAL POSSESSION STATUTE DOES NOT REQUIRE POSSESSION OF A VEHICLE (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, in this juvenile delinquency proceeding, determined the criminal possession of stolen property fourth and fifth degree convictions should have been vacated as lesser included offenses of criminal possession of stolen property third degree. The court noted that unauthorized use of a vehicle is not a lesser included offense of criminal possession of stolen property because the criminal-possession statute does not require possession of a motor vehicle:

“When it is impossible to commit a particular crime without concomitantly committing, by the same conduct, another offense of lesser grade or degree, the latter is, with respect to the former, a ‘lesser included offense'” (CPL 1.20[37]). However, appellant’s argument that unauthorized use of a vehicle is a lesser included offense of criminal possession of stolen property is incorrect. It is possible to criminally possess stolen property without also committing, by the same conduct, the crime of unauthorized use of a vehicle, because the criminal possession statute does not require possession of a motor vehicle as the other statute does … . Matter of D.P. 2025 NY Slip Op 02132 First Dept 4-10-25

Practice Point: Consult this decision for some insight into what is, and what is not, a lesser included offense.​

 

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THE JUDGE PRONOUNCED A FELONY SENTENCE WITHOUT AN UPDATED AND COMPLETE PRESENTENCE REPORT; SENTENCE VACATED (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, vacating defendant’s sentence after his period of incarceration was served but before his postrelease supervision was complete, determined the absence of a complete and updated presentence report invalidated the sentence:

Where a person is convicted of a felony, the court must order a presentence investigation of the defendant and it may not pronounce sentence until it has received a written report of that investigation (CPL 390.20[1] …). The presentence report must be current and contain updated information pertinent to the imposition of a proper sentence … . We hold that the presentence report in this case was inadequate, as it omitted crucial information regarding defendant’s history of trauma, mental health and substance abuse issues and failed to include a victim impact statement, among other things (CPL 390.30). We particularly note that defendant had not been interviewed prior to the report’s issuance and that Probation requested an adjournment of sentencing so that the newly assigned case officer could conduct the investigation.

Defendant, who was not represented by his assigned counsel at sentencing, did not waive his entitlement to a current, updated report by failing to affirmatively object to the presentence report’s sufficiency … . People v Camacho, 2025 NY Slip Op 02136, First Dept 4-10-25

Practice Point: A judge cannot pronounce sentence for a felony before receiving an updated and complete presentence report.

 

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THE ACCUSATORY INSTRUMENT CHARGING DEFENDANT WITH “FAILURE TO PROVIDE NECESSARY SUSTENANCE” FOR A DOG, AN A MISDEMEANOR, WAS NOT SUPPORTED BY NONHEARSAY FACTUAL ALLEGATIONS; INSTRUMENT DISMISSED (CT APP).

The Court of Appeals, in a full-fledged opinion by Judge Rivera, determined the accusatory instrument charging defendant with “failure to provide necessary sustenance” for a dog was facially insufficient because no nonhearsay factual allegations supporting the charge were provided: The statute at issue is Agriculture and Markets Laws (AML) section 353:

“A valid and sufficient accusatory instrument is a nonwaivable jurisdictional prerequisite to a criminal prosecution” … . We evaluate the accusatory instrument here under the standard applicable to a misdemeanor information. In accordance with CPL 100.40, “[a] misdemeanor information must set forth ‘nonhearsay allegations which, if true, establish every element of the offense charged’ ” … . This requirement is jurisdictional, and an accusatory instrument that falls short must be dismissed … . “[T]he test for whether a flaw in an accusatory instrument is jurisdictional is. . . whether the accusatory instrument failed to supply defendant with sufficient notice of the charged crime to satisfy the demands of due process and double jeopardy” … . * * *

… [A]n accusatory instrument charging a violation of section 353 need not include documentation from a veterinarian, especially in those cases where the conditions are visible or palpable. The investigator did not allege any facts in support of [an alleged failure to provide veterinary care]. The investigator also failed to describe the conditions under which he first observed [the dog]—splayed in the middle of a traffic lane and barely able to move—which might have allowed for an inference that the dog was mistreated or neglected to the point of being in extremis.

In sum, the factual allegations and inferences to be drawn from the accusatory instrument are insufficient to “establish every element of the offense charged” … , that defendant deprived [the dog] of sustenance in violation of AML section 353. People v Farrell, 2025 NY Slip Op 02100 CtApp 4-10-25

Practice Point: Consult this opinion for some insight into the nature of the nonhearsay factual allegations which must be included in an accusatory instrument charging an A misdemeanor, here a violation of the Agriculture and Markets Law section 353 (failure to provide necessary sustenance for a dog).​

 

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THE CHARGES STEMMED FROM A DEMONSTRATION SPARKED BY THE POLICE KILLING OF GEORGE FLOYD; DEFENDANT THREW TWO MOLOTOV COCKTAILS TOWARD POLICE OFFICERS; THE EVIDENCE DEFENDANT ENGAGED IN “TERRORISM” WAS LEGALLY INSUFFICIENT; SENTENCE REDUCED (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, vacating defendant’s “terrorism” conviction and significantly reducing his sentence, in a full-fledged opinion by Justice McShan, determined the “attempted aggravated assault upon a police officer as a crime of terrorism” conviction was not supported by legally sufficient evidence. The charges stemmed from a demonstration sparked by the police killing of George Floyd in 2020. The demonstration turned violent and defendant was captured on video throwing two Molotov cocktails toward police officers:

… “[T]he statute must be applied only in a manner consistent with the unique meaning of the term terrorism by requiring proof of conduct aimed at influencing, as relevant here, government action” … . More specifically, that the conduct was taken with the intent to influence a policy. The term “policy,” undefined in the statute (see Penal Law § 490.05), is readily understood as “[a] standard course of action that has been officially established by an organization, business, political party” … . In that sense, the phrase “influence the policy of a unit of government” encompasses a different intent on the part of a defendant that is more specific to a defined policy … . This is all the more evident when considering the clause that follows, as the interference with law enforcement duties referenced by the People is more aptly characterized as conduct that would “affect the conduct of a unit of government,” which contains [*5]the additional requirement that it be accomplished “by murder, assassination or kidnapping” (Penal Law § 490.25 [1]). The import of this distinction is that the reference to “policy” utilized in Penal Law § 490.25 (1) requires more than a belief that the government is engaging in some form of misconduct; in this case, systemic racism or police brutality.

… [T]he fact that defendant was motivated by his animus toward law enforcement does not in turn establish that he was attempting to influence any policy, either defined or perceived. People v Parker, 2025 NY Slip Op 02108, Third Dept 4-10-25

Practice Point: Consult this decision for a discussion of the proof requirements for “terrorism” in the context “assault upon a police officer as a crime of terrorism.”

 

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DEFENSE COUNSEL ALLOWED EVIDENCE PRECLUDED BY A SANDOVAL RULING TO COME IN, AND DID NOT OBJECT TO HEARSAY WHICH REFUTED DEFENDANT’S ALIBI; DEFENDANT DID NOT RECEIVE EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL; NEW TRIAL ORDERED (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, reversing defendant’s conviction and ordering a new trial, determined defense counsel was ineffective for allowing the introduction of evidence which violated a Sandoval ruling. The court ruled the People could not introduce evidence of defendant’s rape conviction. But the People elicited testimony from defendant’s parole officer (Kellett) indicating defendant was a sex offender. In addition, hearsay testimony which refuted an alibi defendant did not attempt to present at trial was allowed in without objection by defense counsel:

Kellett’s testimony effectively circumvented the court’s earlier Sandoval ruling precluding the introduction of defendant’s past rape conviction by allowing her to testify that defendant was a sex offender … . The People had already affirmed on the record that they would not seek to introduce the basis for defendant’s parole supervision, and defendant had consented to this so long as the testimony be restricted and a limiting instruction provided. The details offered by Kellett were not necessary to establish defendant’s status as a parolee, as she could have merely testified that defendant was under parole supervision without elaborating upon his status as a sex offender. Despite the crimes charged not being of a sexual nature, the testimony in question introduced highly prejudicial information that “ha[d] no purpose other than to show that . . . defendant is of a criminal bent or character and thus likely to have committed the crime[s] charged” … . However, trial counsel made no objection to this testimony or, in the alternative, no request for a curative instruction. Thus, the prejudice resulting from this testimony was not dissipated “by promptly and clearly advising the jury that the comments were improper and should be completely disregarded” … . * * *

Although we find this error on the part of trial counsel to have, by itself, deprived defendant of a fair trial … , we would be remiss not to briefly address trial counsel’s failure to object to law enforcement testimony describing interviews with individuals who refuted defendant’s previously claimed alibi. This testimony presented arguably inadmissible evidence of a hearsay nature, which defendant claims presented a Crawford violation … . However, trial counsel lodged no objection, essentially allowing defendant to be impeached regarding an alibi he did not attempt to present at trial. People v Franklin, 2025 NY Slip Op 01975, Third Dept 4-3-25

Practice Point: Here a Sandoval ruling excluded evidence defendant had been convicted of rape but the People, through defendant’s parole officer, introduced evidence defendant was a sex offender. Defense counsel did not object. The failure to object was deemed ineffective assistance requiring a new trial.

 

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DEFENSE COUNSEL VOUCHED FOR THE CREDIBILITY OF THE VICTIM, DID NOT OBJECT WHEN THE PROSECUTOR VOUCHED FOR THE CREDIBILITY OF THE VICTIM, AND ALLOWED EVIDENCE OF DEFENDANT’S PRIOR CRIMES TO COME IN DESPITE A SANDOVAL RULING KEEPING IT OUT; NEW TRIAL ORDERED (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, reversing defendant’s conviction in this sex-offense case and ordering a new trial, determined defense counsel did not provide effective assistance. Defense counsel vouched for the credibility of the victim and allowed evidence of defendant’s prior crimes to come in, despite a Sandoval ruling keeping it out:

… [D]uring counsel’s opening statement, he commented that, in his training representing victims of sexual assault, “the first thing I had to do was believe the accuser. I didn’t have a problem with that. I mean, why would someone make up an important detail or leave out certain details and accuse someone of a crime like rape?” Not only did counsel seemingly vouch for the victim’s credibility in this first opportunity to address the jury, but he also did the same in his summation, again reminding the jury that he had represented victims of sexual assault, stating that he “start[s] by believing it. I don’t sense any ill will from [the victim]” and that he knew “a verdict of not guilty in this case is not going to make anyone happy.” … . * * *

… [D]efense counsel elicited testimony that defendant had been in and out of jail for 10 years, was a regular drug user, had sold cocaine before and was a parolee who was violating parole conditions by being out past curfew as well as consuming alcohol and cocaine … on the night of the incident. Thereafter, when defendant chose to testify as to his version of events, County Court determined that since defense counsel had questioned the friend regarding defendant having been on parole at the time of the incident and in and out of prison for 10 years, the door had been opened for the People to pursue those lines of questioning with defendant on cross-examination. * * *

Compounding these errors, during the People’s summation, the prosecutor repeatedly improperly vouched for the victim’s credibility … , without objection from defense counsel, one time going so far as to say that the victim “testified credibly, consistently, believably and authentically.” Defense counsel’s failure to object to this repeated vouching is even more problematic given his own insinuations that the victim, as a sexual assault victim, should be believed. People v Monk, 2025 NY Slip Op 01976, Third Dept 4-3-25

Practice Point: It is difficult to think of a defense trial strategy that would include vouching for the credibility of the victim in a sex offense case. It is difficult to think of a defense trial strategy that would include allowing evidence of defendant’s prior crimes, which was the subject of a Sandoval ruling keeping it out, to come in. A trial, first and foremost, is an adversarial proceeding.

 

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ALTHOUGH THE ISSUE SHOULD HAVE BEEN RAISED IN A DIRECT APPEAL, AND DESPITE DEFENDANT’S FAILURE TO RAISE THE WINNING ARGUMENT IN THE MOTION TO VACATE THE CONVICTION, THE THIRD DEPARTMENT GRANTED DEFENDANTS REQUEST TO REMOVE THE SEX OFFENDER CLASSIFICATION FROM HIS SENTENCE; THE OFFENSE OF WHICH DEFENDANT WAS CONVICTED IS NOT A REGISTRABLE OFFENSE (THIRD DEPT). ​

The Third Department, vacating defendant’s judgment of conviction and reinstating it without the sex-offender certification, determined the offense of which defendant was convicted, burglary third degree as a sexually motivated felony, is not a registrable offense under the Correction Law. The court noted that a sex-offender certification is part of the sentence and therefore should have been challenged on direct appeal. Because an appeal is no longer possible, the court accepted the motion to vacate as an appropriate mechanism for correcting the error. Although the court rejected defendant’s “ineffective assistance of counsel” argument, it still granted the relief defendant sought on the constitutional ground that defendant has a “liberty interest” in not being misclassified as a sex offender:

Although defendant did not expressly raise such grounds in his motion, we note the People’s concession at oral argument that, in advocating that defendant pursue a different procedural course to obtain the requested relief, they do not oppose the ultimate result sought by defendant — the vacatur of the provisions of his judgment certifying him as a sex offender. * * * … [B]earing in mind that no party disputes that defendant should be afforded the discrete relief that he seeks in this proceeding and that defendant’s motion broadly seeks relief pursuant to CPL 440.10 (1) (h), we believe it appropriate, in the interest of judicial economy, to address this matter now rather than require defendant to file a new motion asserting a different constitutional basis for the same relief. We therefore exercise our discretion, in the interest of justice, and grant defendant’s motion, vacate the judgment, and thereafter reinstate the judgment without the provisions thereof certifying defendant as a sex offender pursuant to SORA and requiring him to pay the $50 sex offender registration fee … . People v Richardson, 2025 NY Slip Op 01980, Third Dept 4-3-25

Practice Point: Here is a rare instance of an appellate court’s overlooking defendant’s failure to raise the sex-offender-misclassification issue on direct appeal and defendant’s failure to raise the winning constitutional argument in the motion to vacate the conviction. The reason? No one objected to the relief defendant sought, i.e. correction of the misclassification of the defendant as a sex offender. The objections were to the mechanism used to request the relief.

 

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