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IN THIS COMPLEX CASE INVOLVING ALLEGED MISUSE OF LAND GIFTED TO THE AUDUBON SOCIETY AS “FOREVER WILD” AND SUBSEQUENTLY SOLD, THE ATTORNEY GENERAL’S ARGUMENT THE DEED WAS VOID AB INITIO AND THEREFORE NEVER TRIGGERD THE STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS WAS REJECTED; THE DEED WAS DEEMED “VOIDABLE” AND THE STATUTE HAD THEREFORE RUN; THE TWO-JUSTICE DISSENT ARGUED THE MAJORITY SHOULD NOT HAVE SENT THE MATTER BACK TO BE HEARD BY A DIFFERENT JUDGE (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, in a full-fledged opinion by Justice Garry, determined the deed which was the subject of the action was not void ab initio, but rather was voidable, such that the statute of limitations had run on the action. Had the deed been void ab initio, the statute of limitations would not have run. This complex case, which involves alleged misuse of land gifted to the Audubon Society and subsequently sold is fact-specific and cannot be fairly summarized here. There was a two-justice partial dissent which argued the majority should not have ordered the matter be transferred to a different judge:

… [W]e find that the 2013 conveyance of parcel B, held by the Audubon Society in fee simple absolute, was not void but instead merely voidable for any resultant diversion of the subject gift. The Attorney General’s recission claim was thus required to be brought within the applicable limitations period. It was not. We therefore agree with Supreme Court that this challenge to the validity of the 2013 conveyance is time-barred … .

From the dissent:

According to the majority, when deciding the motions at issue, Supreme Court offered its interpretation of the pertinent gift instruments and made certain findings and, therefore, cannot be impartial in resolving the merits … . In our view, it is premature at this stage to conclude that the court has predetermined and/or already addressed central issues in that action such that it cannot be fair. When the time comes, the parties can offer their competing interpretations of the gift instruments. At that time, the parties may rely on the court’s rationale and findings made in the April 2021 order. Alternatively, the parties might not do so. Regardless, any remaining issues to be resolved concerning the gift instruments will be better developed and briefed for the court to make an informed decision. Given that “every court retains continuing jurisdiction to reconsider its prior interlocutory orders during the pendency of the action” … , it cannot be presumed how the court will decide any remaining issues.

Moreover, no party has requested that a new judge be assigned. There have been no claims of hostility, bias or lack of impartiality by Supreme Court. Nor does the record bear out any such behavior. Accordingly, the parties seemingly have no qualms with the current judge. In view of the foregoing, we see no basis to assign a new judge for the underlying actions. Rockwell v Despart, 2022 NY Slip Op 06971, Thrid Dept 12-8-22

Practice Point: Here, if the deed which was the subject of the action had been void ab initio, the statute of limitations would never have been triggered. But the deed was deemed “voidable” and the statute had therefore run. The two-justice dissent argued the parties were happy with the judge and there was no reason to assume the judge had permanently predetermined any issues. Therefore the majority should not have ordered the matter transferred to a different judge.

 

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PLAINTIFF NURSING HOME CAN BRING A PLENARY ACTION TO DETERMINE A RESIDENT’S MEDICAID ELIGIBILITY WITHOUT BEING BOUND BY THE RESIDENT’S FAILURE TO REQUEST AN ADMINISTRATIVE APPEAL OR THE FOUR-MONTH STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, held plaintiff nursing home can bring a plenary action in its own right to determined the Medicaid eligibility of a resident. The nursing home is not bound by the resident’s failure to request an administrative appeal and is not constrained the the four-month statute of limitations in CPLR 217:

The plaintiff, an operator of a nursing home facility, commenced this action seeking a judgment declaring that one of its residents was entitled to Medicaid coverage for the period February 7, 2013, through August 31, 2014, with an appropriate transfer penalty. The defendant moved to dismiss the complaint on the grounds, inter alia, that the plaintiff failed to exhaust its administrative remedies, the statute of limitations had expired, and the plaintiff failed to join a necessary party. In an order dated November 26, 2019, the Supreme Court granted the motion. The plaintiff appeals.

The Supreme Court erred in granting the defendant’s motion pursuant to CPLR 3211(a) to dismiss the complaint. “It is well established that a nursing home may, as here, bring a plenary action in its own right against the agency designated to determine Medicaid eligibility” … . In such a plenary action, the nursing home is “not bound by the patient’s failure to request an administrative appeal of the local agency’s denial of medical assistance” or “by the four-month Statute of Limitations contained in CPLR 217” … . Moreover, authorizations executed by the resident allowing designated employees of the plaintiff to represent him “during the Medicaid eligibility process” and during “any Fair Hearings” did not impair the plaintiff’s right to commence its own plenary action … . Kings Harbor Multicare Ctr. v Pierre, 2022 NY Slip Op 06920, Second Dept 12-7-22

Practice Point: A nursing home can bring a plenary action in its own right to determine the Medicaid eligibility of its resident without regard for whether the resident pursued an administrative appeal and is not constrained by the four-month statute of limitations in CPLR 217.

 

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ALTHOUGH DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO SET ASIDE THE VERDICT AS A MATTER OF LAW IN THIS TRAFFIC ACCIDENT CASE WAS PROPERLY DENIED, THE MOTION TO SET ASIDE THE VERDICT AS AGAINST THE WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE SHOULD HAVE BEEN GRANTED; NEW TRIAL ORDERED (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court and ordering a new trial, determined defendants’ motion to set aside the verdict in this traffic accident case as against the weight of the evidence should have been granted. The evidence, including video evidence, demonstrated defendant’s bus had a green left-turn arrow when the bus collided with plaintiff’s oncoming vehicle as the bus was turning. The court also found the damages for future pain and suffering excessive:

… [V]iewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, there was a “valid line of reasoning” that could lead a rational person to the liability verdict in this case … . Accordingly, the Supreme Court properly denied that branch of the defendants’ motion which was pursuant to CPLR 4404(a) to set aside the jury verdict on the issue of liability and for judgment as a matter of law.

However, the jury verdict on the issue of liability was contrary to the weight of the evidence, as “the evidence preponderate[d] so heavily in the [defendants’] favor that it could not have been reached on any fair interpretation of the evidence” … . * * * … [W]e remit the matter to the Supreme Court … for a new trial on the issue of liability.  Blair v Coleman, 2022 NY Slip Op 06902, Second Dept 12-7-22

Practice Point: In this traffic accident case, defendants’ motion to set aside the verdict as a matter of law was properly denied. But the motion to set aside the verdict as against the weight of the evidence should have been granted. The appellate court ordered a new trial on liability.

 

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DEFENDANT DID NOT MEET THE CRITERIA FOR VACATION OF A DEFAULT JUDGMENT UNDER EITHER CPLR 5015 OR 317; CRITERIA EXPLAINED (FIRST DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined defendant’s motion to vacate the default judgment did not meet the criteria of either CPLR 5015(a)(1) or CPLR 317:

“A defendant seeking to vacate a judgment pursuant to CPLR 5015(a)(1) must demonstrate a reasonable excuse for the default and a potentially meritorious defense to the action” … . * * *

Here, the defendant failed to provide a “detailed and credible explanation” for the default … . Rather, the defendant submitted only an affidavit of an employee of its loan servicer averring that the defendant’s agent for process had emailed the summons and complaint to the servicer, and the complaint had been “routed in error to the incorrect email address within” the servicer, which prevented the servicer from “timely notify[ing] its counsel of the [instant] action.” That conclusory and nondetailed allegation does not constitute a reasonable excuse warranting vacatur of the default … . * * *

Although the defendant expressly moved pursuant to CPLR 5015(a)(1) only, the Supreme Court properly considered whether the defendant set forth grounds to vacate its default pursuant to CPLR 317 … . CPLR 317 provides, in relevant part, that a party served with a summons other than by personal delivery and who does not appear “may be allowed to defend the action within one year after he [or she] obtains knowledge of entry of the judgment . . . upon a finding of the court that he [or she] did not personally receive notice of the summons in time to defend and has a meritorious defense.” A defendant moving pursuant to CPLR 317 is not required to set forth a reasonable excuse for the delay in answering the complaint … . However, “‘to support a determination granting relief under CPLR 317, a party must still demonstrate, and the Court must find, that the party did not receive actual notice of the summons and complaint in time to defend the action'” … .

… [T]he defendant did not even deny receipt of the summons and complaint. 259 Milford, LLC v FV-1, Inc., 2022 NY Slip Op 06898, Second Dept 12-7-22

Practice Point: The criteria for vacation of a default judgment pursuant to CPLR 5015 and 317 are different and are explained in this decision. The defendant did not meet the criteria for either statute.

 

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PLAINTIFF-INVESTOR’S COMPLAINT ALLEGING THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT FILED BY DEFENDANT PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANY ABOUT THE EFFICACY OF ITS DRUG WAS MISLEADING AND VIOLATED THE FEDERAL SECURITIES ACT SHOULD HAVE BEEN DISMISSED (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, in a full-fledged opinion by Justice Gische, reversing Supreme Court, determined defendant pharmaceutical company’s, Genfit’s, motion to dismiss the complaint alleging the company misrepresented the efficacy of a drug in violation of the Federal Securities Act should have been granted. The court noted that the pleading requirements for misrepresentation in this context are not the heightened pleading requirements for fraud:

The gravamen of plaintiff’s complaint is that Genfit made misrepresentations and/or omissions in the registration statement and prospectus (collectively offering documents) it filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with the IPO (initial public offering). Before a company may sell securities in interstate commerce, it must file a registration statement with the SEC. Pursuant to section 11 of the 1933 Securities Act, if … the registration statement contains an untrue statement of material fact or omits a material fact necessary to make the statement therein not misleading, a purchaser of the stock may sue for damages (15 USC § 77 [k] …). * * *

Plaintiff … objects to certain statements in the offering documents, which we characterize as opinions. … Opinions in offering documents are subject to an analysis under the Supreme Court Decision in Omnicare, Inc. v Laborers Dist. Council Constr. Indus. Pension Fund (575 US 175, 184 [2015]). Under Omnicare, an opinion is actionable if (1) the speaker does not actually hold the stated belief … ; or (2) the opinion affirms an underlying fact … a registration statement omits material facts about the issuer’s inquiry into or knowledge concerning a statement of opinion, and if those facts conflict with what a reasonable investor would take from the statement itself … .

[The] statements of opinion do not affirm underlying facts. … … Plaintiff claims … [the] statements are misleading because Genfit does not actually believe the opinions stated and that the offering documents omit material facts and knowledge. The complaint, however, alleges no facts supporting these conclusions. Schwartz v Genfit, S.A., 2022 NY Slip Op 06892, First Dept 12-6-22

Practice Point: The allegation that a company’s registration statement is misleading in violation of the Federal Securities Act is not subjected to the heightened pleading requirements for fraud. Here the allegations in the complaint did not support even the less stringent pleading requires for misleading statements.

 

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PLAINTIFF ALLEGED HE WAS SEXUALLY ABUSED BY A PRIEST WHILE ATTENDING DEFENDANT’S SCHOOL; THE COMPLAINT STATED CAUSES OF ACTION FOR NEGLIGENT HIRING, NEGLIGENT SUPERVISION AND INTENTIONAL INFLICTION OF EMOTIONAL DISTRESS (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined plaintiff in this Child Victims Act action alleging sexual abuse by a priest while plaintiff was attending defendant’s parish school stated causes of action for negligent hiring, negligent supervision and intentional infliction of emotional distress. “The complaint alleged .* * * the priest … was an employee and/or an agent of the defendant, that the defendant had knowledge that the priest was abusing students, including the plaintiff, or that he had the propensity to abuse, and that the sexual abuse of the plaintiff occurred during school activities and during times at which the plaintiff was under the defendant’s supervision and care, custody, and control.”:

An employer can be held liable under theories of negligent hiring, retention, and supervision where the complaint alleges that “the employer knew or should have known of the employee’s propensity for the conduct which caused the injury” … . Causes of action alleging negligence based upon negligent hiring, retention, or supervision are not statutorily required to be pleaded with specificity … .

… [A] school “has a duty to exercise the same degree of care toward its students as would a reasonably prudent parent, and will be held liable for foreseeable injuries proximately related to the absence of adequate supervision” … . “The duty owed derives from the simple fact that a school, in assuming physical custody and control over its students, effectively takes the place of parents and guardians” … .

… [T]reating the allegations in the complaint as true, including that the defendant had knowledge of the priest’s sexual abuse of the plaintiff and other children and concealed that abuse, and giving the plaintiff the benefit of every possible favorable inference, the alleged conduct would be sufficiently outrageous in character and extreme in degree to set forth a cause of action for intentional infliction of emotional distress … . Novak v Sisters of the Heart of Mary, 2022 NY Slip Op 06814, Second Dept 11-30-22

Practice Point: In an action pursuant to the Child Victims Act, plaintiff alleged he was sexually abused by a priest while attending defendant’s school. The complaint alleged defendant knew about the abuse. The complaint causes of action for negligent hiring, negligent supervision and intentional infliction of emotional distress.

 

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PLAINTIFF’S DISCOVERY-RELATED ACTIONS WERE NOT WILLFUL AND CONTUMACIOUS SUCH THAT THE COMPLAINT SHOULD HAVE BEEN DISMISSED; HOWEVER PLAINTIFF’S DISCOVERY DELAYS WARRANTED VACATING THE NOTE OF ISSUE AND PAYMENT OF $3000 TO DEFENDANTS’ ATTORNEY (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing (modifying) Supreme Court, determined the complaint in this traffic accident case should not have been dismissed as a discovery sanction. But defendant’s motion to vacate the note of issue due to plaintiff’s delay in disclosing prior relevant injuries should have been granted. In addition the appellate court ordered plaintiff’s attorney to pay defendants’ attorney $3000:

Supreme Court improvidently exercised its discretion in granting the defendants’ motion to the extent of directing dismissal of the complaint pursuant to CPLR 3126(3). Although the plaintiff initially failed to provide authorizations for the release of medical records relating to pertinent injuries which pre-date the subject accident, the plaintiff did provide date-restricted authorizations for the release of medical records relating to pertinent injuries approximately one week after the defendants requested them. … [D]efendants did not clearly demonstrate that the plaintiff’s discovery-related conduct was willful and contumacious … .

However, in light of the plaintiff’s delay in disclosing information about prior injuries that bear on the controversy and would assist preparation for trial … . the Supreme Court should have granted the defendants’ motion to the extent of vacating the note of issue … , directing the plaintiff to provide the defendants with authorizations permitting the release of medical records relating to pertinent injuries which pre-date the subject accident, and directing the plaintiff’s attorney to pay the sum of $3,000 to the defendants’ attorney….. Lopez v Maggies Paratransit Corp., 2022 NY Slip Op 06793, Second Dept 11-30-22

Practice Point: Here in this traffic accident case plaintiff’s delays in providing information about prior relevant injuries warranted vacating the note of issue and payment of $3000 by plaintiff’s attorney to defendants’ attorney.

 

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THE COMPLAINT STATED A CAUSE OF ACTION FOR INTENTIONAL INFLICTION OF EMOTIONAL DISTRESS AGAINST THE DIOCESE; PURSUANT TO THE CHILD VICTIMS ACT, PLAINTIFF ALLEGED HE WAS SEXUALLY ABUSED BY A PRIEST WHEN HE WAS 15 TO 16 (SECOND DEPT). ​

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the defendant Diocese’s motion to dismiss the intentional infliction of emotional distress cause of action should not have been granted. Plaintiff, pursuant to the Child Victims Act, alleged he was sexually abused by a priest when he was 15 to 15 years old:

“The elements of intentional infliction of emotional distress are (1) extreme and outrageous conduct; (2) the intent to cause, or the disregard of a substantial likelihood of causing, severe emotional distress; (3) causation; and (4) severe emotional distress” … . Here, treating as true the plaintiff’s allegations in the second amended complaint, that the defendants had knowledge of the priest’s sexual abuse of the plaintiff and other children, yet concealed the abuse and permitted it to continue, and according the plaintiff the benefit of every possible favorable inference, the alleged conduct was sufficiently outrageous in character and extreme in degree to set forth a cause of action for intentional infliction of emotional distress … . The plaintiff also sufficiently alleged a causal connection between the defendants’ alleged outrageous conduct and the plaintiff’s injuries … . Moreover, this cause of action is not duplicative of the cause of action seeking to recover damages for negligence … . Eskridge v Diocese of Brooklyn, 2022 NY Slip Op 06788, Second Dept 11-30-22

Practice Point: Here the complaint stated a cause of action for intentional infliction of emotional distress against the Diocese based on the alleged sexual abuse of plaintiff by a priest, criteria explained.

 

THE DEFENDANT INTERPOSED COUNTERCLAIMS OF AN EQUITABLE NATURE AND THEREBY WAIVED A JURY TRIAL ON ALL CAUSES OF ACTION (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the defendant’s making equitable counterclaims waived a jury trial on all causes of action:

Where, as here, a defendant interposes counterclaims of an equitable nature related to a cause of action asserted in the complaint, the defendant waives a jury trial on all causes of action, whether legal or equitable in nature … . Accordingly, the Supreme Court should have granted the plaintiff’s motion to strike the defendant’s demand for a jury trial. … . Conwell Props., Inc. v DAG Rte. Six, LLC, 2022 NY Slip Op 06785, Second Dept 11-30-22

Practice Point: Where a defendant interposes counterclaims which are equitable in nature, the defendant waives a jury trial on all causes of action.

 

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HERE PLAINTIFF BROUGHT SUIT AGAINST A SCHOOL DISTRICT PURSUANT TO THE CHILD VICTIMS ACT ALLEGING THE SCHOOL DISTRICT NEGLIGENTLY FAILED TO PROTECT HER FROM SEXUAL ASSAULT BY A FELLOW STUDENT; THE FACT THAT THE STUDENT COULD NOT BE CRIMINALLY PROSECUTED FOR THE ASSAULT BECAUSE OF HIS AGE DID NOT PRECLUDE REVIVAL OF THE CAUSES OF ACTION AGAINST THE SCHOOL DISTRICT; IN OTHER WORDS THE CHILD VICTIMS ACT APPLIES TO REVIVE NEGLIGENCE CAUSES OF ACTION EVEN IF THE UNDERLYING SEXUAL ASSAULT COULD NOT HAVE BEEN PROSECUTED (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department determined negligent supervision and negligent hiring causes of action against a school district, pursuant to the Child Victims Act (CVA), alleging the failure to protect plaintiff from sexual abuse by a fellow minor student, properly survived motions to dismiss. The case raised a question of first impression: Does the CVA revive causes of action which are based upon the actions of a minor who could not be criminally prosecuted for sexual offenses because of his age? The answer is “yes:”

… [W]e are presented with an issue of first impression as to whether CPLR 214-g may be used to revive civil claims and causes of action asserted against a school district that are based on alleged acts of sexual assault committed by a minor who could not have been subjected to criminal liability at the time the alleged acts of sexual assault occurred. Resolution of this issue requires the Court to determine the meaning of the phrase “conduct which would constitute a sexual offense as defined in [Penal Law article 130]” as used in CPLR 214-g, and in particular, whether that phrase is limited to conduct that would subject the person who committed the acts of sexual assault to criminal liability. * * *

… [W]e find that the plain meaning of the phrase “conduct which would constitute a sexual offense as defined in [Penal Law article 130]” as used in CPLR 214-g refers to the conduct described in the enumerated provisions of the Penal Law, and is not limited to those situations in which the conduct would subject the actor to criminal liability … . Anonymous v Castagnola, 2022 NY Slip Op 06682, Second Dept 11-23-22

Practice Point: Here, presenting a question of first impression, negligent supervision and negligent hiring causes of action against a school district alleging the failure to protect the plaintiff from sexual assault by a fellow minor student were deemed revived by the Child Victims Act, despite the fact that the student who assaulted plaintiff could not have been criminally prosecuted because of his age.

 

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