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MOTHER MADE OUT A PRIMA FACIE CASE FOR RELOCATING WITH THE CHILD IN THIS CUSTODY PROCEEDING; CREDIBILITY ISSUES PLAY NO ROLE AT THE MOTION-TO-DISMISS STAGE (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined mother had made out a prima facie case for relocating to a different county with the child. The petition for a modification of custody should not have been dismissed:

“In deciding a motion to dismiss a petition for failure to establish a prima facie case, the court must accept the petitioner’s evidence as true and afford the petitioner the benefit of every favorable inference that can reasonably be drawn therefrom” … . “The question of credibility is irrelevant, and should not be considered” … .

Here, accepting the petitioner’s evidence as true and affording her the benefit of every favorable inference, the petitioner presented sufficient evidence to establish a prima facie case that relocating with the child to Bergen County might be in the child’s best interests … . At the hearing, the petitioner and her spouse testified that they wanted to relocate to Bergen County because they would have family support there and the child liked spending time with family members living in that area. The petitioner further testified that if she were permitted to relocate, she would continue the respondent’s parental access schedule set forth in the stipulation of settlement and would agree to additional parental access for the respondent. We note that the Family Court did not ascertain from the attorney for the child the position of the then 11-year-old child or conduct an in camera interview with the child … . Matter of Fortune v Jasmin, 2024 NY Slip Op 05443, Second Dept 11-6-24

Practice Point: In considering a motion to dismiss a petition for a modification of custody credibility issues are irrelevant.​

 

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PHOTOS SUBMITTED AS A NOTICE TO ADMIT DID NOT SHOW THE METAL OVER WHICH PLAINTIFF ALLEGEDLY TRIPPED AND FELL; ALTHOUGH THE PHOTOS ARE DEEMED TO SHOW THE PROJECT SITE ON THE DAY OF THE FALL, THERE WAS NO EVIDENCE THE PHOTOS DEPICTED THE CONDITION OF THE SITE AT THE TIME OF THE FALL OR IMMEDIATELY PRIOR TO THE FALL (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing (modifying) Supreme Court, determined plaintiff was entitled to summary judgment on the Labor Law 240(1) cause of action. Plaintiff alleged he tripped on metal debris and fell. Defendants submitted three photographs alleged to depict the project site on the day of the plaintiff’s fall as a notice to admit. The photos did not show any metal debris. Although plaintiff did not respond to the notice to admit, thereby deeming the allegations admitted, the photos did not establish the condition of the depicted area at the time of plaintiff’s trip and fall, or immediately prior to the fall:

According to plaintiff, his accident occurred as he was retrieving wooden planks for his coworker to install on the floor. Doing so required plaintiff to traverse over an uncovered beam pocket measuring three feet wide and three feet deep. His accident occurred when he tripped over metal debris on the floor and fell into the beam pocket. Plaintiff was wearing a harness with a yo-yo/at the time of his accident, but there was no place for him to tie off. * * *

… Defendants rely on a notice to admit that they served on plaintiff seeking his admissions that three photos annexed thereto … depicted the project site on the day of plaintiff’s accident. Plaintiff did not respond to the notice to admit, deeming the allegations admitted (CPLR 3123 [a]). However, these admissions do not establish that those photos fairly and accurately depict the location of plaintiff’s accident either at the time thereof or immediately prior thereto. Thus, the absence from those photos of the metal on which plaintiff claims to have tripped does not raise an issue of fact as to the manner in which plaintiff’s accident occurred. Guzman-Saquisili v Harlem Urban Dev. Corp., 2024 NY Slip Op 05420, First Dept 10-31-24

Practice Point: Photos which depict the condition of the area of plaintiff’s fall on the day of the fall, without more specificity about when the photos were taken, may not be deemed to depict the area at the time of the fall or immediately prior to the fall.

 

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IN A CHILD VICTIMS ACT CASE AGAINST A TEACHER ALLEGED TO HAVE SEXUALLY ABUSED A STUDENT IN THE 60’S, THE BARE ALLEGATION IN THE COMPLAINT THAT THE EMPLOYER KNEW OR SHOULD HAVE KNOWN OF THE TEACHER’S PROPENSITY WAS NOT SUFFICIENT TO STATE A CAUSE OF ACTION; COMPLAINT DISMISSED (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court in this Child Victims Act case, determined the complaint did not state a cause of action for negligent retention or negligent supervision of a teacher alleged to have sexually abused plaintiff in the 60’s. An allegation which merely states a bare legal conclusion is not entitled to consideration on a motion to dismiss. Here the complaint alleged defendant employer, YCQ,  “knew or should have known of the employee’s propensity for the conduct which caused the injury:”

… [T]o sustain the cause of action sounding in negligent supervision of a child, the plaintiff was required to allege that YCQ “had sufficiently specific knowledge or notice of the dangerous conduct which caused injury; that is, that the third-party acts could reasonably have been anticipated” … . Similarly, “[a]n employer can be held liable under theories of negligent hiring, retention, and supervision where it is shown that the employer knew or should have known of the employee’s propensity for the conduct which caused the injury” … .

Here, the complaint failed to state a cause of action alleging negligent retention of the religious studies teacher by YCQ and a cause of action alleging negligent supervision based upon YCQ’s failure to adequately supervise the plaintiff and/or the religious studies teacher, as the complaint did not sufficiently plead that YCQ knew or should have known of the religious studies teacher’s propensity for the type of conduct at issue … . While it is true that such causes of action need not be pleaded with specificity … , the complaint merely asserted the bare legal conclusion that YCQ “knew or should have known of [the religious studies teacher’s] propensity to sexually abuse minor students,” without providing any factual allegations that the religious studies teacher’s sexual abuse of the plaintiff was foreseeable … . Kessler v Yeshiva of Cent. Queens, 2024 NY Slip Op 05337, Second Dept 10-30-24

Practice Point: In a Child Victims Act case alleging negligent retention and negligent retention of a teacher who allegedly sexually abused a student, the bare allegation that the teacher’s employer knew or should have known of the teacher’s propensity was not enough to survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a cause of action. Allegations which amount to bare legal conclusions will not be considered on a motion to dismiss.

 

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THE FORECLOSURE ABUSE PREVENTION ACT (FAPA) APPLIES RETROACTIVELY TO THE 2005 DISONTINUANCE OF THE FORECLOSURE ACTION RENDERING THE ACTION COMMENCED IN 2015 TIME-BARRED (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, in a complex decision addressing issues not summarized here, determined the Foreclosure Abuse Prevention Act (FAPA) (CPLR 3217) applied retroactively to the 2005 voluntary discontinuance. Therefore the instant action, which was commenced in 2015, was time-barred:

The Foreclosure Abuse Prevention Act … ; hereinafter FAPA) amended CPLR 3217, which governs the voluntary discontinuance of an action, to provide that “[i]n any action on an instrument described under [CPLR 213(4)], the voluntary discontinuance of such action, whether on motion, order, stipulation or by notice, shall not, in form or effect, waive, postpone, cancel, toll, extend, revive or reset the limitations period to commence an action and to interpose a claim, unless expressly prescribed by statute” … . Thus, applying FAPA, the voluntary discontinuance of the 2005 action did not serve to reset the statute of limitations … .

Wells Fargo’s contention that CPLR 3217(e), added under FAPA, was not intended to have retroactive effect is without merit. FAPA took effect “immediately,” applying “to all actions commenced on an instrument described under [CPLR 213(4)] in which a final judgment of foreclosure and sale has not been enforced” … . Thus, “[a]lthough the Legislature did not explicitly state that FAPA should apply retroactively, it clearly indicated that it should” … . Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v Edwards, 2024 NY Slip Op 05368, Second Dept 10-30-24

Practice Point: The Foreclosure Abuse Prevention Act (FAPA) was applied retroactively here to a 2005 voluntary discontinuance of the foreclosure action, rendering the action started in 2015 time-barred.​

 

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DEFENDANTS RAISED QUESTIONS OF FACT SUPPORTING A “FRAUD IN THE INDUCEMENT” DEFENSE TO THE ACTION BASED UPON AN EXECUTED PROMISSORY NOTE (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined defendants raised a valid “fraud in the inducement” defense to the action seeking payment on an executed promissory note. Defendants executed the note to purchase protein powder from plaintiffs. Plaintiffs described the powder as having 23 to 25 grams of protein per 33/5 grams of powder. After the purchase defendants had the powder tested which revealed the powder contained a significantly lower percentage of protein:

“When an action is based upon an instrument for the payment of money only . . . , the plaintiff may serve with the summons a notice of motion for summary judgment and the supporting papers in lieu of a complaint” (CPLR 3213). Therefore, “[t]o prevail on [their] motion for summary judgment in lieu of complaint based on a promissory note, plaintiff[s] w[ere] required to present evidence that defendant[s] executed the note and defaulted thereon” … . Plaintiffs demonstrated their prima facie burden by supplying the note at issue, signed by [defendant], and evidence of defendant’s failure to pay; therefore, the burden shifted to defendants to establish the existence of a triable issue of fact as to a bona fide defense to liability … . …

Fraud in the inducement is a defense to the enforcement of a promissory note … , and, as such, defendants were required to “allege that (1) the plaintiff made a representation or a material omission of fact which was false and the plaintiff knew to be false, (2) the misrepresentation was made for the purpose of inducing the defendant to rely upon it, (3) there was justifiable reliance on the misrepresentation or material omission, and (4) injury” … . * * *

Generally, “what constitutes reasonable reliance is always [a] nettlesome” inquiry best left to the trier of fact … . Furthermore, “[s]ummary judgment is a drastic remedy that should not be granted where there is any doubt as to the existence of triable issues of fact” … . Panessa v Lederfeind, 2024 NY Slip Op 05252, Third Dept 10-24-24

Practice Point: Fraud in the inducement is a valid defense to an action for summary judgment based upon an instrument for the payment of money only (CPLR 3213), here a promissory note.

 

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RETROACTIVE APPLICATION OF THE FORECLOSURE ABUSE PREVENTION ACT (FAPA) WHERE FINAL JUDGMENT HAS NOT BEEN RENDERED DOES NOT VIOLATE PLAINTIFF’S DUE PROCESS RIGHTS; HERE THE DEBT WAS ACCELERATED IN 2008 AND THE CURRENT FORECLOSURE PROCEEDING IS THEREFORE UNTIMELY PURSUANT TO THE FAPA (THIRD DEPT). ​

The Third Department, in a full-fledged opinion by Justice Clark, determined the Foreclosure Abuse Prevention Act (FAPA) applied retroactively to render the foreclosure action untimely because the debt had been accelerated by a prior foreclosure proceeding in 2008. The Third Department determined the retroactive application of the FAPA to foreclosure actions where final judgment has not been rendered did not violate plaintiff’s due process rights:

In drafting FAPA, the Senate and Assembly sponsors both expressed an urgent need to correct judicial interpretation with unintended consequences which allowed noteholders to unilaterally “manipulate statutes of limitations to their advantage” and to the detriment of homeowners … . … [W]e find that FAPA should be applied retroactively to effect its beneficial purpose … . * * *

… [W]e find that retroactive application of FAPA to foreclosure actions where a final judgment has not been enforced does not violate plaintiff’s due process rights … . U.S. Bank N.A. v Lynch, 2024 NY Slip Op 05261, Third Dept 10-24-24

Practice Point: Where there has been no final judgment, retroactive application of the Foreclosure Abuse Prevention Act (FAPA) to render a foreclosure action untimely does not violate a plaintiff’s due process rights.

 

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THE PROCESS SERVER’S AFFIDAVIT DID NOT DEMONSTRATE THE PERSON SERVED WAS AN AGENT OF DEFENDANT CORPORATION; CLERK’S JUDGMENT VACATED (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court and vacating the clerk’s (default) judgment for over $420,000, determined the process server’s affidavit did not demonstrate the person served with the summons and complaint was an agent of defendant corporation:

The plaintiff failed to establish that personal jurisdiction had been acquired over the defendant through proper service of process. Although a process server’s affidavit of service ordinarily constitutes prima facie evidence of proper service … , here, the affidavit of service contained no indication that Lewis was an agent of the defendant authorized to accept service on the defendant’s behalf (see CPLR 311[1][a] …). Accordingly, the Supreme Court should have granted, pursuant to CPLR 5015(a)(4), that branch of the defendant’s motion which was to vacate the clerk’s judgment. Bold Broadcasting, LLC v Wawaloam Reservation, Inc., 2024 NY Slip Op 05196, Second Dept 10-23-24

Practice Point: Here the process server’s affidavit did not demonstrate the person served with the summons and complaint had the authority to accept service for defendant corporation. The default judgment was vacated.​

 

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THE NEARLY THREE-YEAR GAP BETWEEN PLAINTIFF’S KNEE SURGERY AND HIS SEEING THE SURGEON TO COMPLAIN OF KNEE PAIN DID NOT PRECLUDE THE APPLICABILITY OF THE CONTINUOUS TREATMENT DOCTRINE TO TOLL THE STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing (modifying) Supreme Court, determined there was a question of fact about whether the continuous treatment doctrine applies to render the action timely. Plaintiff had knee surgery and did not see the surgeon again for nearly three years when he experienced pain. He had not seen any other orthopedic surgeons in the interim:

Defendants fail to establish that plaintiff’s claims involving treatment of her right knee before May 21, 2016 are time-barred. Given the evidence of “an ongoing relationship of trust and confidence between the patient and physician,” the record presents disputed issues of fact regarding whether the continuous treatment doctrine applies, thus precluding dismissal at this stage of the litigation … . The 34-month gap between the one-year postoperative follow-up visit after plaintiff’s right total knee replacement and her next complaint to defendant Dr. Steven B. Haas, M.D. about pain in his right knee does not prevent application of the doctrine as a matter of law, as plaintiff visited no orthopedic surgeon other than defendant Dr. Haas during that period, and she returned to Dr. Haas to address increased pain in her right knee, which even he determined would require revision surgery. Karanevich-Dono v Haas, 2024 NY Slip Op 05137, First Dept 10-17-24

Practice Point: Plaintiff had knee surgery and did not see the surgeon again for nearly three years to complain of knee pain. Plaintiff did not see any other orthopedic surgeon in the interim. There was a question of fact whether the continuous treatment doctrine applied to render the medial malpractice action timely.

 

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DEFENDANTS FAILED TO MOVE FOR A MISTRIAL BASED ON PLAINTIFF’S COUNSEL’S ALLEGED BEHAVIOR PRIOR TO THE VERDICT; THE ALLEGED BEHAVIOR WAS NOT SO WRONGFUL OR PERVASIVE AS TO JUSTIFY SETTING ASIDE THE VERDICT IN THE INTEREST OF JUSTICE (THIRD DEPT). ​

The Third Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the motion to set aside the verdict based on the conduct of plaintiff’s counsel should have been denied because (1) no motion for a mistrial was made before the verdict, and (2) counsel’s behavior was not so wrongful and pervasive as to justify setting aside the verdict in the interest of justice. Allegedly, plaintiff’s daughter was raped by defendants’ son, in defendants’ house, during a sleep over. It was alleged defendants were aware of the danger posed by their son:

Although some of counsel’s comments may have been objectionable, because defendants did not move for a mistrial their “argument respecting these remarks [was] not preserved” … . Nor, in our opinion, have defendants shown this to be “the rare case in which the misconduct of counsel for the prevailing party was so wrongful and pervasive as to constitute a fundamental error and a gross injustice warranting the exercise of the trial court’s discretionary power under CPLR 4404 (a) to set aside a verdict in the interest of justice” … . Accordingly, Supreme Court erred in granting defendants’ posttrial motion to set aside the verdict in the interest of justice. Lisa I. v Manikas, 2024 NY Slip Op 05164, Third Dept 10-17-24

Practice Point: To address objectionable courtroom behavior of opposing counsel, a motion for a mistrial should be made before the verdict.

Practice Point: A post-verdict motion to set aside the verdict based upon opposing counsel’s courtroom behavior should not be granted absent “misconduct so wrongful and pervasive as to constitute a fundamental error and a gross injustice.”

 

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FAMILY COURT’S RULING THAT A MASSACHUSETTS COURT WAS THE MORE CONVENIENT FORUM FOR THIS CUSTODY MATTER WAS NOT SUPPORTED BY EXPLICIT REFERENCE TO THE STATUTORY FACTORS OR ANY TESTIMONY OR SUBMISSIONS BY THE PARTIES; THE RECORD WAS THEREFORE INSUFFICIENT FOR APPELLATE REVIEW AND THE MATTER WAS REMITTED (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, reversing Family Court’s ruling that a Massachusetts court was the most convenient forum for this custody matter, determined Family Court’s failure to place on the record the factors it considered in making its ruling, combined with absence of any testimony, rendered the record inadequate for review, requiring remittal:

“Where, as here, a New York court has continuing jurisdiction over a custody matter, it may decline to exercise such jurisdiction if it determines that New York is an inconvenient forum and that another state is a more appropriate forum” … . A court is obliged to consider eight statutory factors in rendering that determination, and “[t]hose statutory factors include (1) ‘whether domestic violence or mistreatment or abuse of a child or sibling has occurred and is likely to continue in the future and which state could best protect the parties and the child,’ (2) the length of time the children have resided in another state, (3) the distance between the two states in question, (4) the relative financial circumstances of the parties, (5) any agreement among the parties regarding jurisdiction, (6) the nature and location of relevant evidence, including testimony from the children, (7) the ability of each state to decide the issue expeditiously and the procedures necessary to present the relevant evidence, and (8) the familiarity of each court with the relevant facts and issues” (… Domestic Relations Law § 76-f [2] [a]). Notably, the “determination depends on the specific issues to be decided in the pending litigation, and must involve consideration of all relevant factors, including those set forth in the statute” … .

… Family Court did not explicitly refer to the statutory factors during its conference with the Massachusetts court, which was essentially a back-and-forth between the judges on issues that included the language of the prior custody orders, the nature of the cases presently before them and the differences between New York and Massachusetts laws governing custody proceedings. The parties were not invited to, and did not, offer any testimony regarding the relative convenience of the two forums. Matter of Mark AA. v Susan BB., 2024 NY Slip Op 05173, Third Dept 10-17-24

Practice Point: Here Family Court did not make an adequate record to support its ruling that a Massachusetts court was the more convenient forum for this custody matter. There were no submissions by the parties and there was no testimony. The statutory factors were not explicitly referenced. The matter was remitted.

 

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