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BECAUSE THE GAS WELL TO WHICH PLAINTIFFS OBJECTED MAY NEVER BE CONSTRUCTED, THE DECLARATORY JUDGMENT ACTION DID NOT PRESENT A JUSTICIABLE CONTROVERSY.

The Third Department determined plaintiff coalition’s declaratory judgment action against the New York Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) was properly dismissed. The action contended that the DEC’s response to a comment submitted by plaintiff coalition (re; a gas-well permit under State Environmental Quality Review Act [SEQRA] review) constituted an unlawful extension of the common law rule of capture and effectuated a trespass on the land owned by a coalition member. The Third Department determined, because the comment period for the relevant rule-making had passed and the relevant rules had not been adopted, and because whether or not the gas-well permit will be issued has not been determined, the declaratory judgment action did not raise a  justiciable controversy:

Assuming, without deciding, that the statewide ban on hydrofracking does not render all of plaintiffs’ claims moot and, further, that plaintiffs each have standing to maintain this declaratory judgment action, Supreme Court nonetheless properly granted defendant’s motion to dismiss the complaint. As this Court recently reiterated, “[i]n order to warrant a determination of the merits of a cause of action, the party requesting relief must state a justiciable claim — one that is capable of review and redress by the courts at the time it is brought for review. A claim is justiciable, in turn, when two requirements are met: first, that the plaintiff has an interest sufficient to constitute standing to maintain the action and, second, that the underlying controversy involves present, rather than hypothetical, contingent or remote, prejudice to the plaintiff” … . Again, even assuming that plaintiffs have satisfied the standing element of this equation, the fact remains that their entire complaint is predicated upon either (1) defendant’s allegedly improper response to a comment made by the Coalition regarding proposed draft regulations that ultimately were not adopted, or (2) the theoretical consequences of a well bore or fluid fracture penetrating the subsurface of [a plaintiff’s] property. Community Watersheds Clear Water Coalition, Inc. v New York State Dept. of Envtl. Conservation, 2015 NY Slip Op 08890, 3rd Dept 12-3-15

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW (NO JUSTICIABLE CONTROVERSY, POTENTIAL ISSUANCE OF GAS DRILLING PERMIT)/CIVIL PROCEDURE (NO JUSTICIABLE CONTROVERSY, POTENTIAL ISSUANCE OF GAS DRILLING PERMIT)/HYDROFRACKING BAN (NO JUSTICIABLE CONTROVERSY, POTENTIAL ISSUANCE OF GAS DRILLING PERMIT)/NATURAL GAS (NO JUSTICIABLE CONTROVERSY, POTENTIAL ISSUANCE OF GAS DRILLING PERMIT)

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USE OF MOTION TO REARGUE TO RAISE NEW ISSUES REQUIRED REVERSAL.

The Third Department reversed based upon the improper use of a motion to reargue, despite the defendants’ failure to raise the issue. The motion was improperly based upon a theory not raised in the original motion:

 “[A] motion to reargue is not available to advance a new theory of liability, or to present arguments different from those originally asserted” … , but plaintiffs did just that in their motion for reargument, arguing that the installation of the original “[s]ewer [l]ine was no longer an issue” and that the alleged trespass caused by the new sewer line justified a grant of summary judgment. Supreme Court accordingly abused its discretion in granting reargument based upon the presence of the new sewer line, a claim that was not raised by plaintiffs in either their original motion for summary judgment or their complaint … . Wasson v Bond, 2015 NY Slip Op 08900, 3rd Dept 12-3-15

CIVIL PROCEDURE (MOTION TO REARGUE, IMPROPER USE OF MOTION REQUIRED REVERSAL)/REARGUE, MOTION TO (IMPROPER USE OF MOTION TO REARGUE REQUIRED REVERSAL)/APPEALS (IMPROPER USE OF MOTION TO REARGUE REQUIRED REVERSAL DESPITE FAILURE TO RAISE THE ISSUE)

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DEFENSE OPENED THE DOOR TO ALLOW EVIDENCE OF OTHERWISE INADMISSIBLE TESTIMONIAL HEARSAY STATEMENTS MADE TO A POLICE INVESTIGATOR

The Third Department determined testimonial statements made by a co-defendant, Denno, to a police investigator were properly allowed in evidence because the defense “opened the door” by questioning the investigator about one of the statements:

Although testimonial statements by a nontestifying witness are inadmissible as violative of the Confrontation Clause, “a defendant can open the door to the admission of evidence otherwise barred by the Confrontation Clause” … . Denno, a witness to and participant in the crimes, gave three statements to the investigator, and Denno invoked his Fifth Amendment right not to testify at defendant’s trial. Defendant called the investigator as a witness to elicit information about Denno’s second statement, which was favorable to defendant. This opened the door for the People to cross-examine the investigator about the content of the two other Denno statements, which provided context and were less favorable to defendant. People v Taylor, 2015 NY Slip Op 08873, 3rd Dept 12-3-15

CRIMINAL LAW (TESTIMONIAL HEARSAY STATEMENTS PROPERLY ADMITTED, DEFENDANT OPENED THE DOOR)/EVIDENCE (TESTIMONIAL HEARSAY STATEMENTS PROPERLY ADMITTED, DEFENDANT OPENED THE DOOR)/TESTIMONIAL HEARSAY STATEMENTS (PROPERLY ADMITTED, DEFENDANT OPENED THE DOOR)

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MARITAL PRIVILEGE DID NOT APPLY TO DEFENDANT’S STATEMENT THAT HE WAS GOING TO BURN THE HOUSE DOWN.

In an arson case, the Third Department determined County Court properly allowed defendant’s wife to testify defendant said he was going to burn the house down. The court explained the limits of marital privilege:

The privilege that precludes a spouse from disclosing a confidential communication made during marriage by the other spouse (see CPLR 4502 [b]; CPL 60.10) does not protect every remark between spouses during a marriage. Instead, “the privilege attaches only to those statements made in confidence and ‘that are induced by the marital relation and prompted by the affection, confidence and loyalty engendered by such relationship'” … . The wife testified that her marriage to defendant began to deteriorate during the months before the fire, in part because defendant wanted to relocate to Colorado while the wife wanted to remain in New York and continue living in the marital home with her children. She stated that, as the relationship worsened, defendant told her “many” times that he would burn the house down to prevent her from taking possession of it when they separated.

The privilege “was never designed to forbid inquiry into the personal wrongs committed by one spouse against the other” and, thus, does not apply here, as defendant’s statements were not prompted by trust or confidence in the marital relationship, but, instead, constituted threats of criminal activity directed at the wife … . Further, the privilege does not apply “when the substance of a communication . . . is revealed to third parties” … . Here, the wife testified that several of defendant’s threats were made in the presence of other people, including mutual friends and the couple’s children, and these statements were not privileged … . People v Howard, 2015 NY Slip Op 08870, 3rd Dept 12-3-15

CRIMINAL LAW (MARITAL PRIVILEGE)/EVIDENCE (MARITAL PRIVILEGE, CRIMINAL TRIAL)

17-YEAR DELAY ADEQUATELY EXPLAINED, SPEEDY TRIAL RIGHT NOT VIOLATED.

The Third Department determined a 17-year delay between the act a defendant’s indictment did not violate his right to a speedy trial. Several years of the delay were attributed to the ability to test DNA without destroying it (not available at the time of the offense, 1994). In addition, a witness came forward in 2011. The court explained the applicable law:

“In determining whether there is an undue delay, the trial court must consider ‘(1) the extent of the delay; (2) the reason for the delay; (3) the nature of the underlying charge; (4) whether or not there has been an extended period of pretrial incarceration; and (5) whether or not there is any indication that the defense has been impaired by reason of the delay'” … . Where, as here, the delay is extraordinary, “close scrutiny of the other factors, especially the question of why the delay occurred,” is required … .

The People introduced evidence indicating that DNA technology in 1994 would have required the destruction of the two samples of biological material that had been collected. Further evidence established that technology at the time that the samples were tested — in 2004 and 2011 — did not require such destruction. In addition to this physical evidence becoming probative, a witness came forward in May 2011 implicating defendant in the murder. Such evidence demonstrated a good faith basis for the delay in proceeding with the prosecution … .

Turning to the remaining factors, the charge of murder in the second degree is “inarguably a very serious offense” … . Further, defendant was never incarcerated during the 17-year delay … . In addition, defendant’s generic claim that witnesses may have moved and that their recall of events is no longer as strong as it once was is too speculative to carry significant weight in the analysis … . Although defendant faced a substantial delay, upon considering these factors, we find that his constitutional right to a speedy trial was not violated … . People v Chaplin, 2015 NY Slip Op 08869, 2nd Dept 12-2-15

CRIMINAL LAW (SPEEDY TRIAL, 17-YEAR DELAY)/SPEEDY TRIAL (17-YEAR DELAY)

Plaintiff Did Not Demonstrate Standing to Bring the Foreclosure Action

The Third Department, over a two-justice dissent, determined plaintiff bank did not demonstrate standing to proceed with the foreclosure because the bank did not present evidence of the affiant’s first-hand examination of the original note and the bank did not explain how it came into possession of the original note:

To establish physical possession, plaintiff produced an affidavit by an assistant secretary, who stated that plaintiff’s “custodial system of record” showed that plaintiff “received the original [n]ote on February 16, 2007” and that plaintiff maintained “possession of the [n]ote at its storage facility” in Monroe, Louisiana. Noticeably absent is any representation by the assistant secretary that she examined the original note and, contrary to the dissent, the affidavit is devoid of any detail as to how plaintiff actually acquired possession of the original note … . JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. v Hill, 2015 NY Slip Op 08479, 3rd Dept 11-19-15

 

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Juvenile Delinquency Adjudication Can Not Be Used for the “Criminal History” Points Assessment

The sex offender risk classification was reversed because county court used a juvenile delinquency adjudication to calculate the “criminal history” points to be assessed. The Third Department noted that the juvenile delinquency adjudication cannot be used for the “criminal history” calculation, but it can be considered in determining whether to depart from the recommended risk level:

… [B]ased on our recent holding in People v Shaffer (129 AD3d 54, 55-56 [2015]), County Court is precluded from using juvenile delinquency adjudications to assess points for criminal history under the RAI [risk assessment instrument], although the facts underlying a juvenile delinquency adjudication may still be “considered when determining whether to depart from the recommended risk level” (id. at 56). People v Updyke, 2015 NY Slip Op 08481, 3rd Dept 11-19-15

 

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Carrier’s Waiver of Lien on Third-Party Settlement Is Not “Compensation” Upon Which an Award of Attorneys Fees Can Be Based

The Third Department determined the negotiation of a waiver of the carrier’s lien on a third-party settlement was not “compensation” upon which an award of attorneys fees can be based:

Pursuant to Workers’ Compensation Law § 24, counsel fees approved by the Board “shall become a lien upon the compensation awarded” and compensation is defined as “the money allowance payable to an employee or to his [or her] dependents as provided for in this chapter” (Workers’ Compensation Law § 2 [6]). Claimant contends that the carrier’s waiver of its lien against the third-party settlement is equivalent to a payment of compensation and counsel fees based upon services provided in securing the waiver should be approved. While “the term ‘compensation’ should be liberally construed to advance the interest of injured employees” …, we find no abuse of the Board’s discretion in its finding that a waiver by a workers’ compensation carrier of a lien against a third-party recovery is not compensation within the meaning of the Workers’ Compensation Law … . Although claimant does benefit from the waiver of the lien, the benefit derived relates to the third-party proceeds and not to compensation awarded him under the Workers’ Compensation Law. Accordingly, the Board’s refusal to award counsel fees will not be disturbed. Matter of Pickering v Car Win Constr., Inc., 2015 NY Slip Op 08484, 3rd Dept 11-19-15

 

Copy Writer and Editor Was an Employee

The Third Department determined claimant copy writer and editor was an employee of Fox Mobile Distribution and was therefore entitled to unemployment insurance benefits:

Here, the record contains substantial evidence that Fox exercised the requisite control over claimant’s work product to establish her status as its employee. Claimant was paid at a set hourly wage, entitled to reimbursement for approved travel and expenses and provided a cellular phone to test Fox’s products … . The project team leaders — who were employees — educated her regarding the product, delegated specific writing or editing tasks, provided direction and set completion deadlines. Claimant regularly reviewed her work progress with the project manager, received ongoing feedback and made necessary revisions and adjustments … . She was also required to come to Fox’s office for meetings and reviews of her copy. The fact that the parties’ agreement designated claimant as a contractor is not dispositive … . Matter of Eckert (Fox Mobile Distrib. LLC–Commissioner of Labor), 2015 NY Slip Op 08489, 3rd Dept 11-19-15

 

Massage Therapist Was Employee

The Third Department determined claimant massage therapist was an employee of Addison Street Spa and was therefore entitled to unemployment insurance benefits:

Here, there is evidence in the record that Addison set the prices for the massages and the percentage of which claimant was paid, scheduled its clients pursuant to claimant’s weekly schedule, collected the fees from the clients and fielded any complaints. Addison required claimant to sign an agreement that she would not solicit, divert or take away any of Addison’s clients during the term of the agreement and for one year after claimant stopped providing massages at the spa. Addison provided the room, equipment and supplies and required claimant to arrive 30 minutes before the scheduled massage time and to maintain professional attire… . Matter of Fatone (Addison St. Spa, LLC–Commissioner of Labor), 2015 NY Slip Op 08488, 3rd Dept 11-19-15

 

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