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THE “DUAL JURY” PROCEDURE USED TO TRY DEFENDANT, WHO WAS CONVICTED, AND THE CO-DEFENDANT, WHO WAS ACQUITTED, ALLOWED THE CO-DEFENDANT’S ATTORNEY TO ACT AS A SECOND PROSECUTOR; CONVICTIONS REVERSED AND NEW TRIAL ORDERED (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing defendant’s (Feliciano’s) murder and robbery convictions, determined the “dual jury” procedure used to try Feliciano and his co-defendant, Roberts, deprived Feliciano of a fair trial. Feliciano’s defense was he was with Roberts when Roberts committed the crimes but did not participate. Roberts’ defense was he did not participate in the crimes at all. Feliciano was convicted and Roberts was acquitted:

In reviewing Feliciano’s claim on appeal that he was entitled to a severance, we are required to consider the entire record, including, retrospectively, the full trial record … . Feliciano must demonstrate that he was unduly prejudiced by the severance and that a joint trial “substantially impair[ed defendant’s] defense” … . “[T]he level of prejudice required to override the strong public policy favoring joinder” exists “where the core of each defense is in irreconcilable conflict with the other and where there is a significant danger, as both defenses are portrayed to the trial court, that the conflict alone would lead the jury to infer defendant’s guilt” … . A trial before dual juries, which constitutes a modified form of severance, is to be used sparingly and is evaluated under standards for reviewing severance motions generally, as set forth above … . * * *

[Damaging] … testimony and evidence was unsolicited by the People and would never have been presented to Feliciano’s jury, but for Roberts’ cross examination. Roberts’ counsel’s pursuit of his client’s defense, contemporaneously undermined Feliciano’s. Accordingly, he effectively became a “second prosecutor” and was able to impeach … witnesses to Feliciano’s detriment in a manner that the People were unable to. Under these circumstances, a dual jury trial was improper as it did not prevent Feliciano from being prejudiced by Roberts’ antagonistic defense … . People v Feliciano, 2020 NY Slip Op 07145, First Dept 12-1-20

 

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THE DRY BUT ALLEGEDLY SLIPPERY FLOOR WAS NOT ACTIONABLE IN THIS SLIP AND FALL CASE (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined defendants’ motion for summary judgment in this slip and fall case should have been granted. Plaintiff alleged slipped on a dry but slippery floor:

Plaintiff testified that he slipped while working in the kitchen of a hotel, due to slippery flooring material that had just been installed. He stated that the floor was dry, but the flooring did not “grip,” and the layers were not properly installed. …

Absent competent evidence of a defect in the surface or some deviation from an applicable industry standard, liability is not imposed for a slippery floor … . Here, all of the experts stated that the flooring was at least in the “acceptable” range for slip resistance using industry standards. Moreover, plaintiff failed to present any evidence raising an issue of fact concerning improper installation or defective materials. Evidence of subsequent repairs or remediation is not admissible, unless there is an issue of control or an alleged defect in manufacture, not present here, and does not create an issue of fact as to prior negligence … . Arias v Stonhard, Inc., 2020 NY Slip Op 06944, First Dept 11-24-20

 

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PLAINTIFF’S EXPERT’S AFFIDAVIT DID NOT RAISE A QUESTION OF FACT IN THIS MEDICAL MALPRACTICE ACTION; DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT SHOULD HAVE BEEN GRANTED (FIRST DEPT). ​

The First Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the defendants’ motion for summary judgment in this medical malpractice action should have been granted. Plaintiff’s expert’s affidavit did not raise a question of fact:

… [P]laintiff alleges that due to defendants’ negligence in diagnosing a skull fracture during an emergency room visit …, he sustained permanent and disabling neurological damage. …

Defendants’ expert opined that defendants did not depart from good and accepted practice by not ordering a CT head scan based on plaintiff’s initial clinical presentation in the emergency room. Defendants’ expert opined that plaintiff did not meet any of the criteria of the Canadian CT Head Rule (CCHR) used in the emergency room setting to determine which head injuries warrant CT imaging.  [P]laintiff did not exhibit any neurological deficits, such as loss of consciousness, vomiting, headaches, or dizziness, and he was alert and mobile.

In opposition, plaintiff submitted a conclusory affirmation that failed to specifically address the criteria relied upon by defendants’ expert in opining that plaintiff’s presentation did not warrant further investigation of a possible skull fracture.

Rather, without support from the medical record, plaintiff’s expert opined that the injury occurred in the pterion region of the skull, and, moreover, defendants negligently failed to elicit the “mechanism” of injury, i.e., that plaintiff was stabbed, which, when taken together with the location of the wound, would have indicated a likelihood that plaintiff had sustained a skull fracture. Plaintiff’s expert further opined, without elaboration, that plaintiff must have had evidence of injury during his initial ER visit since he was diagnosed with a days-old skull fracture less than a week later, and therefore defendants’ examination of him was cursory and deficient. These opinions, which rely on hindsight and are both speculative and conclusory, are insufficient to raise a triable issue of fact … . Cruz v New York City Health & Hosps. Corp., 2020 NY Slip Op 06946, First Dept 11-24-20

 

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PLAINTIFF FELL FROM A SCAFFOLD AFTER TOUCHING A LIVE ELECTRIC WIRE; FAILURE TO TURN OFF THE ELECTRICITY MAY BE COMPARATIVE NEGLIGENCE WHICH DOES NOT DEFEAT A LABOR LAW 240 (1) CAUSE OF ACTION; PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT SHOULD HAVE BEEN GRANTED (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment on his Labor Law 240 (1 cause of action should have been granted. Plaintiff was standing on a scaffold installing an exit sign when he touched a live wire and fell. Failure to turn off the electricity was at most comparative negligence which does not defeat the action:

The undisputed evidence in the record shows that plaintiff was attempting to install an exit sign in a building under construction while standing about 12 feet above the floor on a scaffold platform, without using any safety harness or safety lines, when he touched a live wire to a component of the sign, causing him to receive an electrical shock and then fall off the scaffold and onto the floor. Plaintiff made a prima facie showing that his accident was proximately caused by the inadequacy of the safety devices he was using or the absence of other safety devices necessary to protect him from the risks posed by working at a significant elevation above the floor … .

Defendants did not raise issues of fact by pointing to evidence that plaintiff checked the scaffold before using it and did not find it to be defective, and that the scaffold had safety railings on all four sides, or by asserting that no other devices such as a safety harness or safety line would have prevented his fall … .

Defendants failed to raise an issue of fact as to whether “plaintiff knew that he was supposed to use a harness” or safety line, “or that he disregarded specific instructions to do so” … . …

Plaintiff’s failure to turn off the power supply before working with a live wire was at most comparative negligence, which is not a defense to a Labor Law § 240(1) claim … . Goundan v Pav-Lak Contr. Inc., 2020 NY Slip Op 06950, First Dept 11-24-20

 

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PLAINTIFF’S DECEDENT FELL FROM AN UNGUARDED TOP BUNK AT A TEMPORARY SHELTER AND WAS RENDERED A QUADRIPLEGIC; THE SHELTER’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN GRANTED; THERE WAS EVIDENCE THE SHELTER HAD INSTALLED GUARDRAILS ON OTHER TOP BUNKS (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing (modifying) Supreme Court, determined the negligence cause of action against defendant temporary housing shelter (CAFLF) should not have been dismissed. Plaintiff’s decedent (Philips) was rendered a quadriplegic and later died after falling from an unguarded top bunk. The shelter’s maintenance director testified it was dangerous for anyone to sleep in an unguarded top bunk and that the shelter had installed guardrails on other top bunks:

Summary judgment should be denied to CAFLF. An unguarded top bunk is not an inherently dangerous instrumentality, and a property owner or manager has no duty to install guardrails absent notice that an unguarded top bunk presents a dangerous condition. However, Ida Morris, Philip’s late wife, testified that she and Philip had complained to a CAFLF social worker about the lack of guardrails before Philip’s accident. CAFLF’s maintenance director testified that he and his staff knew it was dangerous for anyone to sleep in an unguarded top bunk and that they installed guardrails on top bunks that were going to be slept in. While the breach of an internal policy that transcends the duty of reasonable care cannot be considered evidence of negligence … , this testimony raises an issue of fact as to whether CAFLF knew or should have known that the unguarded top bunk from which Philip fell was dangerous and, if so, whether CAFLF breached its duty to exercise reasonable care by failing to install a guardrail on the top bunk before Philip’s accident. Slaughter v City of New York, 2020 NY Slip Op 06972, First Dept 11-24-20

 

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“AT ISSUE” WAIVER OF THE ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE EXPLAINED; AS LONG AS THE PRIVILEGED MATERIAL IS NOT USED AS PROOF, IT IS NOT “AT ISSUE.” (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the attorney-client privilege was not waived by the appellants’ affirmative defense because the privileged material will not be used to prove the defense. The facts are not described but the lawsuit concerns the purchase of a building and the rent and regulatory status of plaintiffs’ apartments:

An “at issue” waiver of privilege occurs where a party affirmatively places the subject matter of its own privileged communication at issue in the litigation so that invasion of the privilege is required to determine the validity of a claim or defense of the party asserting the privilege and application of the privilege would deprive the adversary of vital information. However, the fact that a privileged communication contains information relevant to the issues the parties are litigating does not, without more, place the contents of the privileged communication “at issue” in the lawsuit … . An “at issue” waiver occurs when a party has asserted a claim or defense that it intends to prove by the use of the privileged material … .

Here, appellants represent that they will not use the due diligence report to prove their claim of lack of willfulness and/or knowledge of the rent regulatory status of plaintiffs’ apartments. In this situation, appellants’ willfulness is presumed; and plaintiffs and seller defendants have adequate other sources of evidence to demonstrate whether or not appellants’ affirmative defense and cross claims have merit. Alekna v 207-217 W. 110 Portfolio Owner LLC, 2020 NY Slip Op 06841, First Dept 11-19-20

 

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SUMMARY JUDGMENT SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN GRANTED TO THE CLUB AND THE SECURITY COMPANY IN THIS THIRD PARTY ASSAULT CASE; THERE WERE QUESTIONS OF FACT ABOUT WHETHER THE CLUB COULD BE HELD RESPONSIBLE FOR CRIMINAL ACTIVITY IN THE STREET IN FRONT OF THE CLUB, WHETHER THE CLUB WAS THE SPECIAL EMPLOYER OF THE BOUNCERS AND THEREFORE SUBJECT TO VICARIOUS LIABILITY, AND WHETHER THERE WAS DRAM SHOP ACT LIABILITY (FIRST DEPT). ​

The First Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the defendant club (Sin City) and security company (Emissary) were not entitled to summary judgment in this third-party assault case. The facts are not described, but apparently plaintiffs were assaulted on the street in front of the club. There was a question of fact whether Sin City was a special employer and therefore vicariously liable for the actions of Emissary’s bouncers. The court noted, with respect to the Dram Shop Act (General Obligations Law 11-101) cause of action, the defendants did not demonstrate the assailants were not served alcohol while visibly intoxicated and did not demonstrate the sale of alcohol to the assailants had no connection to the assault:

Issues of fact remain as to defendants’ control of the street in front of the club, where plaintiffs’ assault occurred … ; whether defendants could or should have foreseen plaintiffs’ assault, given not only the events that transpired in the club prior to the assault … , but also the acts of violent or criminal conduct at the club predating plaintiffs’ assault … and, whether Sin City was the special employer, and is therefore vicariously liable for the acts and omissions, of Emissary’s bouncers, who provided security for Sin City on the night in question and allegedly assaulted the plaintiffs … . Ballard v Sin City Entertainment Corp., 2020 NY Slip Op 06842, First Dept 11-19-20

 

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IN THE CONTEXT OF A LAWSUIT BY THE BOARD MEMBERS OF AN UNINCORPORATED CONDOMINIUM ASSOCIATION AGAINST THE FORMER PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD, NEITHER THE REAL PROPERTY LAW (RPL) NOR THE BUSINESS CORPORATION LAW (BCL) APPLIES TO THE FORMER PRESIDENT’S DEMAND FOR ATTORNEY’S FEES ASSOCIATED WITH DEFENDING THE ACTION; THE BY-LAWS AND THE COMMON LAW RULE THAT THE PARTIES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR OWN ATTORNEY’S FEES CONTROL (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, in a full-fledged opinion by Justice Gische, reversing Supreme Court, in a matter of first impression, determined the defendant, the former president of the condominium board, is not entitled to indemnification (attorney’s fees) for her costs in defending a lawsuit brought by the board of managers of the unincorporated condominium association. The lawsuit alleged defendant misappropriated the insurance proceeds paid after a fire in the condominium building. The First Department held the by-laws and the common law rule that the parties are responsible for their own attorney’s fees control. The court rejected the application of provisions of the Real Property Law (RPL) and the Business Corporation Law (BCL) with respect to indemnification in the context of an unincorporated condominium association:

Neither the common law, nor BCL § 624(e) by analogy, provide the right to recoup attorney’s fees to a board member successfully defending against a derivative action. BCL § 626(e) is not an indemnification provision. Rather, it permits legal fees to be paid to an owner who successfully asserts the interest of an entity “when the management of the entity fails to act to protect that interest” … . Consequently, “an award of attorneys’ fees in a shareholders’ derivative suit is to reimburse the plaintiff for expenses incurred on the corporation’s behalf” … . The corporation is responsible for paying the legal fees, but only where the corporation benefits from the litigation … . Neither the BCL nor the common law provide a board member with a reciprocal right to recover legal fees for defending against an unsuccessful derivative action, at least not in the absence of such authorization in the bylaws or some other statutory authority. In this respect, …

In the absence of any authority permitting [defendant] to recoup her legal fees, the general common law rule applies, that “attorney’s fees are incidents of litigation and a prevailing party may not collect them from the loser unless an award is authorized by agreement between the parties, statute or court rule” … . [Defendant], alone, is responsible for her legal fees. Board of Mgrs. of the 28 Cliff St. Condominium v Maguire, 2020 NY Slip Op 06844, First Dept 11-19-20

 

PLAINTIFF, WHO HAD PASSED OUT AT A CONCERT, REFUSED ASSISTANCE IN WALKING TO THE BACK OF THE THEATER SO THE EMERGENCY MEDICAL TECHNICIAN COULD CHECK HIS BLOOD PRESSURE AND PULSE; WHEN HE ATTEMPTED TO WALK TO THE BACK OF THE THEATER HE PASSED OUT AGAIN AND FELL, HIS FACE HITTING THE FLOOR; THE DEFENDANTS DID NOT HAVE A DUTY TO ASSIST PLAINTIFF AFTER HE REFUSED THEIR HELP AND THEIR MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT SHOULD HAVE BEEN GRANTED (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the causes of action against the security company, Beacon, and the EMT provider, Transcare, should have been dismissed. Plaintiff passed out in his seat at a concert and defendants responded. The medical technician found that plaintiff was fully conscious and alert. Because the music was so loud the medical technician asked plaintiff to go to the back of the theater to check his blood pressure and pulse. Plaintiff was offered assistance in walking but he refused. He passed out again and fell with his face hitting the floor:

Any duty Beacon or Transcare owed to plaintiff to assist him in exiting the theater terminated when he refused such assistance. It is well settled that a competent adult has the right to determine the course of his or her own medical treatment, including declining treatment … . Plaintiff does not dispute that he refused assistance in standing or ambulating. Further, the testimony was that the EMT technician assessed plaintiff as alert and oriented as he left his seat to exit the theater. Given this, the complaint should have been dismissed in its entirety as to defendants Beacon and Transcare … . Fornabaio v Beacon Broadway Co., LLC, 2020 NY Slip Op 06853, First Dept 11-19-20

 

A HEAVY STONE SLAB SLIPPED OUT OF A SLING AS IT WAS BEING HOISTED AND FELL ON PLAINTIFF; PLAINTIFF DID NOT HAVE TO SHOW THE EQUIPMENT WAS DEFECTIVE AND DID NOT HAVE TO SHOW HE AND A CO-WORKER WERE NOT NEGLIGENT; PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON HIS LABOR LAW 240 (1) CAUSE OF ACTION SHOULD HAVE BEEN GRANTED (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment on his Labor Law 240 (1) claim in this falling object case should have been granted. A heavy stone slab which was being hoisted slipped out of a sling and fell on plaintiff. Plaintiff did not have to show the equipment was defective and did not have to show freedom from comparative fault:

Labor Law § 240(1) imposes on owners, general contractors, and their agents a nondelegable duty to provide safety devices to protect against elevation-related hazards inherent in construction, and they will be absolutely liable for any violation that proximately causes injury regardless whether they supervised or controlled the work … . The statute is violated when an object that is improperly hoisted or inadequately secured falls … .

Because the sling proved inadequate to secure the slab against falling, the statute was violated … . Defendants’ contention that because the hoist and slings had sufficient load capacity to hoist the slab and were not broken or defective, plaintiff was required to demonstrate how the slab became unsecured, is unavailing. Either the sling itself or the manner in which it was used to secure the slab was inadequate and failed to provide proper protection, and plaintiff was not required to demonstrate how or why it failed to support the slab … .

Any failure by plaintiff to properly secure the slab with the straps would at most be comparative negligence which is not a defense to Labor Law § 240(1) … . Furthermore, any failure by his coworker to properly secure the slab with the straps was not so extraordinary or removed from defendants’ duty to provide an adequate safety device so as to constitute a superseding, intervening event breaking the chain of causation … . Gallegos v Bridge Land Vestry, LLC, 2020 NY Slip Op 06854, First Dept 11-19-20

 

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