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THE MAJORITY, LAYING OUT ITS FACTUAL FINDINGS IN GREAT DETAIL, AFFIRMED FAMILY COURT’S MODIFICATION OF CUSTODY RULING ALLOWING MOTHER TO RELOCATE WITH THE CHILD; THE TWO-JUSTICE DISSENT ARGUED THE MAJORITY IGNORED SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE WHICH CONFLICTED WITH AND CONTRADICTIED ITS RULINGS, LAYING OUT THAT EVIDENCE IN GREAT DETAIL; ESSENTIALLY THE DISSENT ARGUED THAT THE CONFLICTING AND CONTRADICTORY EVIDENCE IGNORED BY THE MAJORITY DEMONSTRATES MOTHER DID NOT MEET HER BURDEN TO DEMONSTRATE RELOCATION WAS IN THE “BEST INTEREST OF THE CHILD” (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, over a comprehensive two-justice dissent, affirmed Family Court’s modification of custody ruling allowing mother to relocate to Florida with the child. The dissenters argued the majority ignored evidence which conflicted with its findings, effectively finding relocation was in mother’s best interest, not the child’s. The dissent laid out, in detail, the evidence purportedly ignored by the majority and would have held mother did not meet her burden to prove relocation was in the best interest of the child:

From the dissent:

A parent’s request to relocate with the parties’ child has been described as one of “the knottiest and most disturbing problems that our courts are called upon to resolve” … . Foremost, a court’s role in resolving immensely personal family matters of this nature is to ensure that the final decision is in the best interest of the child and that its findings have a sound and substantial basis in the record, as that is the sine qua non of any credibility determination … . Therefore, the threshold issue here is not whether the Family Court’s credibility determinations should be disturbed as the majority posits. Rather, it is whether there is a substantial basis in the record to support the finding that granting the mother primary physical custody of the subject child and permission to relocate to Florida, served the child’s best interest … . In my opinion, the Family Court’s determination fails on both accounts, as the evidence clearly establishes that a predominant emphasis was placed on those facts and circumstances most likely to serve the mother’s best interest, rather than that of the child, thereby undermining the exact premise set forth in Matter of Tropea ([87 NY2d 727] at 740-741). As the mother has failed to establish that it would be in the child’s best interest to relocate to Florida under the factors set forth in Matter of Tropea …, I respectfully dissent. Matter of Jasmine M. v Albert M., 2025 NY Slip Op 04695, First Dept 8-14-25

Practice Point: In this decision and in Matter of Kaius A. v Abigail H., 2025 NY Slip Op 04692, First Dept 8-14-25, the First Department is addressing concerns with the credibility determinations made by Family Court judges, raising the question whether starkly contradictory but credible proof should be analyzed in the context of whether the party seeking the relief has met the burden of proof.

 

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THERE WAS NO EVIDENCE MOTHER WAS SERVED WITH THE ORDER OF PROTECTION PROHIBITING THE FATHER’S CONTACT WITH HER AND THE CHILDREN; THE PROOF IN THIS CHILD NEGLECT PROCEEDING AGAINST MOTHER DID NOT MATCH THE ALLEGATIONS IN THE PETITION; THE JUDGE EFFECTIVELY AMENDED THE PETITION BY IMPROPERLY CONFORMING THE PETITION TO SERIOUSLY CONFLICTING AND CONTRADICTORY PROOF; MOTHER WAS NEVER GIVEN THE OPPORTUNITY ADDRESS THE “AMENDED” PETITION; NEGLECT FINDING VACATED (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, vacating the neglect finding against mother, in a full-fledged opinion by Justice Rosada, determined there was insufficient support in the record for the judge’s resolution of conflicting evidence, which amounted to an amendment of the petition to conform to the proof. Mother was never given the opportunity to address the judge’s sua sponte amendment of the petition, a violation of due process. In addition, there was no proof mother was served with an order of protection prohibiting father’s contact with the children (it was alleged mother left the children in father’s care when she was hospitalized). The facts of the case are too complex to fairly summarize here:

… ACS [Administration for Children’s Services] failed to adduce any proof of actual or imminent danger of physical, emotional, or mental impairment to the children in remaining in a home with the father and M.H. [paternal grandmother] during the mother’s brief hospitalization … . * * *

… Family Court unduly relied upon the contradictory testimony of Trazile [CPS worker] and M.H. in rendering its determination that respondent neglected the children. While credibility determinations of Family Court are normally accorded due deference … , the determination here “lacks a sound and substantial evidentiary basis,” and the court should have dismissed the petition (… see also Family Ct Act § 1051[c]). The court credited the testimonies of both Trazile and M.H., which together presented three markedly different and contradictory accounts of how the children came to be in M.H.’s care. Significantly, all three accounts are departures from the allegations set forth in the amended petition.

While the court is empowered sua sponte to conform the pleadings to the proof, as it arguably did here via its restatement of the allegations in its written decision, Family Ct Act § 1051(b) requires that in such cases, the respondent be given reasonable time to prepare to answer the amended allegations, which was not done here … . “Absent additional allegations set forth in an amended petition that conforms to the proof with notice to the respondent, the court must not base a finding of neglect on allegations not set forth in the petition” … . Matter of Kaius A. v Abigail H., 2025 NY Slip Op 04692, First Dept 8-14-25

Practice Point: If Family Court is confronted with internally inconsistent and contradictory proof which does not match the allegations in the neglect petition, the petition should be dismissed.

Practice Point: If mother is accused of violating an order of protection, there must be proof she was served with the order.

Practice Point: Although Family Court has the power to sua sponte conform a neglect petition to the proof by issuing findings of fact, due process requites that mother be given the opportunity to address the “new” allegations in the “amended” petition.

 

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A PLAINTIFF’S STIPULATED SETTLEMENT WITH THE INSURED ACCOMPANIED BY A COVENANT NOT TO EXECUTE THE JUDGMENT AND AN ASSIGNMENT OF THE INSURED’S CLAIMS AGAINST THE INSURER IS NOT A “RELEASE;” THE INSURER STILL HAS A DUTY TO INDEMNIFY (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing (modifying) Supreme Court, in a full-fledged opinion by Justice Kapnick, determined defendant insurer had a duty to indemnify plaintiffs under a policy issued to a bar sued by plaintiffs for using plaintiffs’ images without their consent. Plaintiffs had entered a settlement agreement with the bar which included a consent judgment in which plaintiffs agreed to forgo execution of the judgment in consideration for the bar’s assignment of its rights against the insurer. The insurer agued the settlement agreement constituted a release, extinguishing its obligation to indemnify. The First Department, in a matter of first impression, held the agreement was not a release and the insurer still had a duty to indemnify:

In New York, the legal ramifications of a general release in the context of an insured/insurer relationship are clear; a general release in favor of an insured abolishes any present or future duty of indemnification on the part of the insurer … . However, it appears that no New York precedent exists on the issue presented here: whether the insurer’s liability is maintained where, in settlement, a consent judgment is entered that incorporates an assignment of the insured’s rights against the insurer coupled with a covenant not to execute on the judgment. * * *

We conclude … that a stipulated judgment … accompanied by a covenant not to execute and an assignment of claims can be enforced against an insurer. Geiger v Hudson Excess Ins. Co., 2025 NY Slip Op 04609, First Dept 8-7-25

Practice Point: Here the plaintiffs settled with the insured in return for the assignment of the insured’s claims against the insurer. In a matter of first impression, the First Department held that the covenant not to execute the judgment against the insured (included in the settlement agreement) was not a “release” which extinguished the insurer’s duty to indemnify. The duty to indemnify remains.

 

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THIS BREACH OF CONTRACT ACTION WAS BASED UPON A LEASE ENTERED BY A LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY THE ASSETS OF WHICH WERE PURCHASED BY THE TWO DEFENDANT LIMITED LIABILTY COMPANIES; THE MAJORITY CONCLUDED THE COMPLAINT STATED A CAUSE OF ACTION UNDER THE THEORY THAT THE DEFENDANTS CONSTITUTED A “MERE CONTINUATION” OF THE ORIGINAL LESSEE’S BUSINESS; THERE WAS A TWO-JUSTICE DISSENT (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing Supreme Court, over a two-justice dissent, determined the breach of contract (commercial lease) cause of action against defendant limited liability companies which had purchased the assets of the original lessee (another limited liability company) should not have been dismissed. The majority concluded the complaint stated a cause of action under the theory that defendants constituted a “mere continuation” of the original lessee. The dissent argued the “mere continuation” theory does not apply where, as here, there are two purchasers of the original lessee’s assets:

… [W]e find that plaintiff has sufficiently stated a cause of action for breach of contract against [defendants] based on the “mere continuation” exception to the rule against successor liability. “Although no one factor is dispositive,” courts determining whether a successor corporation is a “mere continuation” of its predecessor have considered whether: (1) all or substantially all assets are transferred to the successor corporation; (2) the predecessor corporation has been effectively extinguished following the transaction; (3) the successor has assumed an identical or nearly identical name; (4) the successor has retained one or more of the same corporate officers, directors, and/or employees; and (5) the successor has continued the same business … . * * *

Neither the motion court nor defendants cite to any authority prohibiting application of mere continuation successor liability where more than one company has acquired the assets of the predecessor. We disagree with the dissent to the extent that it asserts that Schumacher (59 NY2d 239) stands for the proposition that the existence of more than one successor corporation necessarily bars application of the mere continuation doctrine. In Schumacher, there was only one successor … . Accordingly, it does not address the situation in the facts pleaded by plaintiff in this case. Avamer 57 Fee LLC v Hunter Boot USA LLC, 2025 NY Slip Op 04607, First Dept 8-7-25

Practice Point: The purchasers of a business which constitute a “mere continuation” of the seller’s business can be liable under a contract originally entered by the seller.

 

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IN A FORECLOSURE CONTEXT, THE BANK, WHEN MOVING FOR A DEFICIENCY JUDGMENT, GETS TWO CHANCES TO DEMONSTRATE THE VALUE OF THE PROPERTY; IF THE FIRST SUBMISSION IS DEEMED INADEQUATE, THE BANK MUST BE ALLOWED TO TRY AGAIN (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the bank in this foreclosure action should have been given a second opportunity to present evidence of the value of the property for purposes of a deficiency judgment:

A lender in a foreclosure action moving for a deficiency judgment “bears the initial burden of demonstrating, prima facie, the property’s fair market value as of the date of the auction sale” … . Upon a lender’s motion for a deficiency judgment, RPAPL 1371(2) provides, in part: “the court, whether or not the respondent appears, shall determine, upon affidavit or otherwise as it shall direct, the fair and reasonable market value of the mortgaged premises as of the date such premises were bid in at auction or such nearest earlier date as there shall have been any market value thereof and shall make an order directing the entry of a deficiency judgment.”

The Court of Appeals has interpreted this provision as “a directive that a court must determine the mortgaged property’s ‘fair and reasonable market value’ when a motion for a deficiency judgment is made. As such, when the court deems the lender’s proof insufficient in the first instance, it must give the lender an additional opportunity to submit sufficient proof, so as to enable the court to make a proper fair market value determination” … . Valley Natl. Bank v 252 W. 31 St. Corp., 2025 NY Slip Op 04528, First Dept 7-31-25

Practice Point: In a foreclosure action, if the bank is seeking a deficiency judgment it gets two shots at proving the value of the property.

 

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THE VICTIM OF THE ASSAULT AND ATTEMPTED ROBBERY COULD NOT IDENTIFY THE DEFENDANT; THE VIDEO OF THE INCIDENT DIDN’T HELP; DEFENDANT WAS ARRESTED BECAUSE HE WAS DEPICTED IN SURVEILLANCE VIDEO NEAR THE SCENE WEARING DISTINCTIVE RIPPED AND PATCHED PANTS WHICH WERE NOT MENTIONED BY THE VICTIM OR DEPICTED IN THE INCIDENT VIDEO; THE ARREST WAS NOT SUPPORTED BY PROBABLE CAUSE; INDICTMENT DISMISSED AFTER GUILTY PLEA (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing defendant’s conviction by guilty plea and dismissing the indictment, in a full-fledged opinion by Justice Manzanet-Daniels, determined defendant was arrested in the absence of probable cause requiring suppression of seized evidence and defendant’s statements. Several arguments raised by the People on appeal were not considered because the arguments were not made below. Defendant was accused of assault and attempted robbery of a woman on the street.. The woman was unable to describe the assailant. Video of the incident did not help. Video near the scene depicted a man with distinctive ripped and patched pants, which led to the arrest of the defendant 10 days later. But there was no evidence the assailant was wearing the distinctive pants:

The detective obtained clearer video that depicted a male individual in distinctive ripped and patched pants near the scene and heading northbound, but that video did not capture the attack (nor any other incriminating behavior, for that matter). The detective concluded that the man in the distinctive pants was the perpetrator, apparently due to temporal and geographical proximity. Notably, when shown stills from the footage, the victim was still unable to recognize defendant as her assailant. The detective did not recollect the complainant stating that her assailant fled northbound; rather, the detective surmised the same from the surveillance videos. * * *

Because DHS arrested defendant without probable cause, all evidence flowing from the arrest, including defendant’s statements and the contents of the shoe box, was unlawfully obtained and must be suppressed … . The People are not entitled to a remand for further suppression proceedings, as they “had a full opportunity to present their case at the original hearing” and refrained from submitting alternative theories for denying suppression … .

Dismissal of the indictment is the appropriate remedy in this case. The People’s remaining evidence — namely, the surveillance videos showing the suspect in the area before and after the attack and Detective Hostetter’s “confirmatory” identification of defendant at the shelter — is not sufficient to establish a prima facie case if the People were to try defendant upon remand. The complainant could not provide a description of her assailant, the assailant is unidentifiable in the videos showing the attack, and defendant’s now-suppressed statements and pants were the only evidence connecting him to the crime scene … . People v Williams, 2025 NY Slip Op 04526, First Dept 7-31-25

Practice Point: Here defendant pled guilty but the indictment was dismissed because his arrest was not supported by probable cause.

Practice Point: If the People were given a full opportunity to present available evidence and to make legal arguments at the motion stage, evidence not presented and arguments not made there will not be considered on appeal.

 

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THERE IS NO BRIGHT-LINE MINIMUM HEIGHT DIFFERENTIAL FOR AN ELEVATION HAZARD PURSUANT TO LABOR LAW 240(1); HERE A FALL OF 10.5 TO 20 INCHES FROM A STACK OF PALLETS WARRANTED SUMMARY JUDGMENT (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined plaintiff was entitled to summary judgment on the Labor Law 240(1) cause of action based upon a fall from a height of 10.5 to 20 inches. The court noted that, despite caselaw holding that a fall of 12 inches did not trigger the statute, there is no bright-line minimum height differential for an elevation hazard. Plaintiff was standing on a stack of pallets to operate a masonry saw when a plank broke and he fell:

The fact that plaintiff fell from a height of approximately 10 ½ to 20 inches is not a bar to summary judgment because the height differential is not, as a matter of law, de minimis. While this Court has previously held that a height differential of at most 12 inches above the floor was insufficient to find an elevation-related risk … , the jurisprudence of this Court has since evolved, recently reiterating that “[t]here is no bright-line minimum height differential that determines whether an elevation hazard exists” … . We have repeatedly found violations of Labor Law § 240(1) predicated upon falls from similar heights as the one at bar (see Ferguson v Durst Pyramid, LLC, 178 AD3d 634, 635 [1st Dept 2019] [fall from inverted bucket]; see also Megna, 306 AD2d at 164 [fall from temporary two-step wooden staircase]; Brown, 137 AD3d at 703-704 [fall through an opening in latticework rebar deck to plywood 12 to 18 inches below]; Arrasti, 60 AD3d at 583 [fall from ramp to the floor 18 inches below]; Haskins, 227 AD3d at 409 [fall into hole 2 to 2 ½ feet deep]). Furthermore, here, the senior superintendent of defendant Tishman Construction Corporation of New York admitted that the makeshift pallet structure was an “improper work platform” that was “against the most basic safety rules.” Palumbo v Citigroup Tech., Inc., 2025 NY Slip Op 04298, First Dept 7-24-25

Practice Point: There is no bright-line minimum height differential for an elevation hazard which will trigger liability under Labor Law 240(1). Here a fall of between 10.5 and 20 inches from a stack of pallets warranted summary judgment.

 

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THE FIRST DEPARTMENT, AGREEING WITH THE SECOND, DETERMINED THE ADMINISTRATION FOR CHILDREN’S SERVICES (ACS) DOES NOT HAVE THE AUTHORITY TO SUPERVISE A NONRESPONDENT MOTHER WHO HAD BEEN ABUSED BY RESPONDENT FATHER IN THE CHILD’S PRESENCE; THE AUTHORITY TO SUPERVISE A NONRESPONDENT MOTHER IS ONLY TRIGGERED WHEN THE COURT ORDERS THE CHILD REMOVED FROM THE HOME, NOT THE CASE HERE (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, in a full-fledged opinion by Justice Gesmer, considering the appeal as an exception to the mootness doctrine, determined the court did not have the authority under the Family Court Act to order the Administration for Children’s Services (ACS) to supervise a so-called “nonrespondent” mother who had been abused by respondent father in the presence of the 14-month-old child. By all accounts mother was “a good mother” and “very strong [and] hard-working.” Yet over the course of six months mother was subjected to 15 announced and unannounced home visits by an ACS caseworker who searched every room, the contents of the refrigerator, and inspected the child’s body:

As noted by the Sapphire W. Court [237 AD3d 41, Second Dept, 2-5-25] “in 2015, the Legislature enacted sweeping legislation that amended various statutes, including Family Court Act § 1017, in order to provide nonrespondent parents with greater participation in abuse or neglect proceedings, while also expand[ing] the options available to Family Court judges when craft[ing] appropriate orders respecting the rights of non-respondent parents [and] assuring the safety and well being of children who are the subjects of the proceedings . . . . Among other things, the legislation clarifie[d] the language of Family Court Act § 1017 by referring specifically to non-respondent parent, relative or suitable person as potential resources a court may consider after determining that a child must be removed from his or her home” … .

We agree with the sound reasoning in Matter of Sapphire W. and hold that Family Court Act §§ 1017 and 1027(d) do not permit supervision of a nonrespondent parent who has been caring for the child, in the absence of a court-ordered removal of the child. We further concur with the Second Department that, “[c]onsidering the intrusive and potentially traumatic impact of ACS involvement in a family’s life, the disproportionate involvement of Black and Hispanic children in the child welfare system cannot be ignored” … . Matter of R.A. (A.R.), 2025 NY Slip Op 04295, First Dept 7-24-25

Practice Point: The Administration for Children’s Services’ (ACS’) authority to supervise a nonrespondent mother who was abused by respondent father in the child’s presence is only triggered if and when the court orders the removal of the child from the home, not the case here. All agreed mother was “a good mother,” yet she was subjected to 15 announced and unannounced searches of her home and inspections of her child over the course of six months.

 

PLAINTIFF STEPPED IN A HOLE WHEN DELIVERING TILES TO THE WORK SITE; HE WAS PERFORMING WORK “NECESSARY AND INCIDENTAL” TO THE INSTALLATION OF THE TILES AND THEREFORE WAS PROTECTED BY LABOR LAW 240(1); A SUBCONTRACTOR WILL NOT BE LIABLE UNDER THE LABOR LAW AS A STATUTORY AGENT OF THE OWNER OR GENERAL CONTRACTOR UNLESS THE SUBCONTRACTOR HAS AUTHORITY OVER THE AREA WHERE PLAINTIFF WAS INJURED (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing (modifying) Supreme Court, determined plaintiff was entitled to summary judgment on the Labor Law 240(1) cause of action. Plaintiff was delivering tiles to the construction site when he stepped into a hole near the loading ramp. Although plaintiff was not himself engaged in work covered by Labor Law 240(1), he was performing work “necessary and incidental” to the installation of the tiles. The court noted that the action against a subcontractor was properly dismissed because the subcontractor did not exercise any authority over the area where plaintiff was injured and therefore could not be considered a “statutory agent” under the Labor Law:
Labor Law § 240(1) protects persons engaged “in the erection, demolition, repairing, altering, painting, cleaning or pointing of a building or structure.” The task that a plaintiff is performing at the exact moment of their accident is not dispositive of whether they were engaged in a protected activity for purposes of liability under this statute … . Rather, the inquiry includes whether the plaintiff’s employer was contracted to perform the kind of work enumerated in the statutes … and whether the plaintiff was performing work “necessary and incidental to” a protected activity … . Because plaintiff’s work in delivering and unloading tiles to be used in the activity covered by Labor Law § 240(1) was “necessary and incidental” to the protected activity, he was within the class of workers protected by those statues, notwithstanding that he was not assigned to participate in the installation of the tiles … .
… Labor Law §§ 200, 240(1), and 241(6) only apply to owners, general contractors, and their statutory agents … . “To be treated as a statutory agent, the subcontractor must have been delegated the supervision and control either over the specific work area involved or the work which [gave] rise to the injury. If the subcontractor’s area of authority is over a different portion of the work or a different area than the one in which the plaintiff was injured, there can be no liability under this theory” … . Here, [the subcontractor’s] work as the electrical contractor was limited to providing electrical installation and temporary lighting, and did not encompass either tile work or maintaining the temporary ramp or surrounding areas. Rodriguez v Riverside Ctr. Site 5 Owner LLC, 2025 NY Slip Op 04221, First Dept 7-17-25
Practice Point: Delivering materials to a work site is necessary and incidental to the construction work and is therefore a covered activity under Labor Law 240(1).
Practice Point:  A subcontractor will not be liable to an injured worker as a statutory agent of the owner or general contractor unless the subcontractor exercises authority over the area where the injury occurred (not the case here).
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THE NEW YORK CITY LOCAL LAWS REFORMING THE NYC FIGHTING HOMELESSNES AND EVICTION PREVENTION SUPPLEMENT ARE NOT PREEMPTED BY THE NEW YORK STATE SOCIAL SERVICES LAW (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing Supreme Court, in a full-fledged opinion by Justice Higgitt, determined that the local laws passed by the City Council modifying the New York City Fighting Homelessness and Eviction Prevention Supplement (FHEPS) were not preempted by the New York State Social Services Law. The opinion is comprehensive and too detailed to fairly summarize here:

[The] FHEPS reform laws were prompted by three conditions faced by the City: the rising number of evictions of residential tenants, a dramatic increase in the rate of homelessness, and an overburdened shelter system.  These laws were designed to broaden eligibility for City-funded rental assistance, and promote quantitatively and qualitatively greater assistance. Thus, the FHEPS reform laws increased the income eligibility threshold, eliminated a 90-day shelter residency requirement, eliminated recipient work requirements, prohibited the New York City Department of Social Services (City DSS) from deducting a utility allowance from the maximum rental allowance for a FHEPS voucher, and expanded the list of individuals eligible for rental assistance (see Local Law Nos. 99-102). * * *

Several individuals who hoped to avail themselves of the benefits of the FHEPS reform laws commenced this CPLR article 78 proceeding, challenging the Mayor’s refusal to implement those laws. The individuals initiated the proceeding as a putative class action, and bring the case on behalf of themselves and others similarly situated. The City Council was granted leave to intervene in the proceeding, and sought an order directing the Mayor to implement the FHEPS reform laws or, alternatively, a declaration that those laws are valid. With respect to the principal relief sought, the City Council makes plain that it “seeks only that the Mayor be directed to take action to implement [the new local laws]. How the administration implements the [FHEPS] Reform Laws is within the administration’s discretion.”

The Mayor opposed the article 78 petition on the ground that the FHEPS reform laws are preempted by the State’s Social Services Law. Matter of Vincent v Adams, 2025 NY Slip Op 04146, First Dept 5-27-25

Practice Point: Consult this opinion for an analysis of the preemption doctrine in the context of NYC Local Laws and the NYS Social Services Law.

 

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