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THE THIRD DEPARTMENT DETERMINED THE NEW YORK STATE UNIFORM FIRE PREVENTION AND BUILDING CODE PROVIDES SUFFICIENT STANDARDS AND MECHANISMS FOR ENFORCEMENT OF THE CODE PROVISIONS; A TENANT WHOSE BUILDING WAS DECLARED UNSAFE AFTER ORDERS TO REMEDY DEFECTS WERE IGNORED BY THE LANDLORD BROUGHT A PETITION FOR A WRIT OF MANDAMUS TO COMPEL THE SECRETARY OF STATE TO STRENGTHEN CODE ENFORCEMENT STANDARDS AND MECHANISMS; THE PETITION WAS DENIED (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, in a full-fledged opinion by Justice McShan, over a two-justice dissent, determined that the regulations associated with the enforcement of the NYS Uniform Fire Prevention and Building Code (Uniform Code) are adequate. Petitioner, a former tenant in a building which was ultimately declared unsafe after several orders to remedy building-defects were ignored by the landlord, brought a petition for a writ of mandamus requiring the NYS Secretary of State to provide standards for the enforcement of the Uniform Code. The petition was dismissed after an exhaustive discussion of the relevant regulations and enforcement standards and mechanisms. The opinion is too detailed to fairly summarize here. Matter of Clements v New York Secretary of State, 2024 NY Slip Op 01756, Third Dept 3-28-24

 

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RECORDS ASSOCIATED WITH AN ARREST AND PROSECUTION AND PRISON MEDICAL RECORDS ALLEGEDLY RELATING TO AN ATTACK BY CORRECTION OFFICERS WERE NOT SUFFICIENT TO DEMONSTRATE THE RESPONDENT CITY HAD ACTUAL TIMELY NOTICE OF THE ASSOCIATED CLAIMS; LEAVE TO FILE LATE NOTICES OF CLAIM SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN GRANTED (CT APP).

The Court of Appeals, in a full-fledged opinion by Judge Troutman, reversing the Appellate Division, over a two-judge dissent in one case (Jaime) and concurrences in the other (Orozco), determined that the petitions for leave to file a late notice of claim, brought by the same attorney for the two petitioners, should not have been granted. Orozco alleged false arrest and malicious prosecution and Jaime alleged an attack by corrections officers. In neither case was the petition supported by an affidavit from the petitioner. The records associated with Orozco’s arrest and prosecution did not prove the respondent (NYC) had timely actual knowledge of the claim. Because Jaime did not file a grievance about the alleged attack by correction officers and did not provide an affidavit in support of the petition for leave to file late notice, there was no proof the City had actual timely knowledge of the claim:

Insofar as Orozco argued that the City would not be substantially prejudiced by the late filing because it acquired timely actual knowledge, Orozco’s failure to establish actual knowledge is fatal. Orozco’s further argument—that the City would not be substantially prejudiced because it will have to expend resources to defend against his 42 USC § 1983 claims—misapprehends the purpose served by the notice of claim requirement. … [T]he purpose is to afford the municipality the opportunity to investigate the claims and preserve evidence … , not simply to shield municipalities from litigation costs. Moreover, this argument understates the advantage of facing only a section 1983 claim that can be defended on qualified immunity grounds … , as opposed to facing that claim plus additional state law claims. * * *

The City conceded at oral argument that an incarcerated person might not file a grievance concerning a violent attack by a correction officer for fear of reprisal, a fear that may constitute a reasonable excuse for late service of a notice of claim. It would, however, be entirely speculative for us to consider that possibility here given the absence of any relevant evidence. Were Jaime in fact operating under such a fear, he could have submitted an affidavit attesting to the fact. That affidavit would have constituted evidence supporting an arguably reasonable excuse, which might provide at least some support for a court’s discretionary determination to allow late service.

Neither the allegation that Jaime sustained injuries in the attacks for which he sought medical attention in the infirmary, nor the allegation that the DOC created or maintained records relating to those injuries, establishes that the City acquired actual knowledge of the essential facts constituting the claim … . Matter of Jaime v City of New York, 2024 NY Slip Op 01581, CtApp 3-21-24

Practice Point: In these two cases the evidence of an arrest and prosecution in one case and an attack by correction officers in the other was insufficient to demonstrate the respondent City had actual timely knowledge of the facts underlying the claims against the City. The petitioners should not have been granted leave to file late notices of claim.

 

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THE CITY OF KINGSTON PROPERLY DECLARED A RENTAL-UNIT SHORTAGE-EMERGENCY AND PROPERLY IMPOSED LIMITATIONS ON RENT INCREASES DURING THE EMERGENCY PERIOD (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, in a full-fledged opinion by Justice Egan, reversing (modifying) Supreme Court, determined the respondent City of Kingston properly declared a rental-unit shortage emergency and properly imposed limits on rent increases during the emergency period. Apparently the City of Kingston experienced an influx of new residents moving from New York City during the COVID pandemic. The opinion is too detailed to fairly summarize here:

The Emergency Tenant Protection Act of 1974 (ETPA) … was enacted to “permit[ ] regulation of residential rents [for many living accommodations] upon the declaration of a housing emergency in New York City” or a similar declaration by municipalities in Nassau County, Westchester County or Rockland County … . The ETPA specifically provided, in relevant part, that the governing body of a municipality in Nassau County, Westchester County or Rockland County could make “[a] declaration of emergency . . . as to any class of housing accommodations if the vacancy rate for the housing accommodations in such class within such municipality is not in excess of five percent” …. Thereafter, a county rent guidelines board, “consist[ing] of nine members appointed by the commissioner of housing and community renewal upon recommendation of the county legislature,” would, among other things, establish annual guidelines for rent adjustments at the impacted accommodations until the housing emergency had abated or ended … .

Pursuant to the Housing Stability and Tenant Protection Act of 2019 … [hereinafter HSTPA]), the Legislature allowed municipalities statewide to opt in to the rent adjustment scheme created by the ETPA upon a declaration of emergency due to a housing vacancy rate of 5% or less … . Matter of Hudson Val. Prop. Owners Assn. Inc. v City of Kingston N.Y., 2024 NY Slip Op 01593, Third Dept 3-21-24

Practice Point: Because of an influx of new residents during the COVID pandemic, the City of Kingston properly declared a rental-unit-shortage emergency and properly imposed limitations on rent increases during the emergency.

 

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THE COMPLAINT STATED CAUSES OF ACTION AGAINST NYC ALLEGING CONSTITUTIONAL AND STATUTORY VIOLATIONS STEMMING FROM AN UNEQUAL AND DISCRIMINATORY PROPERTY TAX SCHEME (CT APP).

The Court of Appeals, in a full-fledged opinion by Judge Rivera, over a two-judge partial dissent and a one-judge partial dissent, reversing (modifying) the appellate division, determined the complaint stated causes action for constitutional and statutory violations of the Real Property Tax Law (RPTL) and the federal Fair Housing Act (FHA) relating to an unequal property-tax scheme:

Plaintiff Tax Equity Now NY, LLC (TENNY) challenges New York City’s property-tax system, alleging that the system imposes substantially unequal tax bills on similarly-valued properties that bear little relationship to the properties’ fair market value. According to the complaint, the result is staggering inequities and a regressive tax system that hurts those who can least afford to pay heavy taxes. The complaint further alleges that multi-million-dollar properties are taxed at similar or lower rates than less valuable properties and that real property in majority-people-of-color districts are overassessed and subjected to higher taxes compared to properties in majority-white districts. TENNY seeks declaratory and injunctive relief against City and State defendants for alleged constitutional and statutory violations caused by the City’s tax scheme. Despite the comprehensive, detailed allegations and legal precedent supporting the causes of action, the Appellate Division dismissed the complaint in its entirety at the pleading stage for failure to state any claim. That was error. * * *

… [T]he complaint’s allegations, supported with independent studies and the City’s own data of widening disparities resulting from its annually-repeated assessment methodology to Class One and Two properties, sufficiently plead violations of RPTL 305 (2) against the City. * * *

The FHA’s legislative goals are twofold: elimination of discrimination in housing and the promotion of residential integration  * * *

… [U]nder our State’s liberal pleading standards, TENNY’s allegation that the City’s tax system perpetuates segregation suffices … . Tax Equity Now NY LLC v City of New York, 2024 NY Slip Op 01498, CtApp 3-19-24

Practice Point: Under New York’s liberal pleading standards, the complaint stated causes of action against NYC for violations of the Real Property Tax Law and the federal Fair Housing Act stemming from an unequal and discriminatory property tax scheme.

 

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THE PROOF THAT PLAINTIFF SLIPPED AND FELL AT A BUS STOP, WHERE THE CITY IS RESPONSIBLE FOR KEEPING THE AREA SAFE, AS OPPOSED TO THE SIDEWALK ABUTTING DEFENDANT’S PROPERTY, WHERE DEFENDANT IS RESPONSIBLE, WAS NOT SUFFICIENT TO WARRANT SUMMARY JUDGMENT IN FAVOR OF DEFENDANT (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined defendant’s motion for summary judgment in this sidewalk slip and fall case should not have been granted. Although the NYC Administrative Code makes abutting property owner’s like the defendant responsible for keeping the sidewalks safe, the Code also indicates the City is responsible for keeping bus stops safe. The defendant argued plaintiff slipped and fell at a bus stop, but the Second Department did not find the evidence for that claim sufficient to warrant summary judgment:

Under Administrative Code § 7-210, an abutting property owner has a duty to maintain the public sidewalk, but the City continues to be responsible for maintaining any part of the sidewalk that is within a designated bus stop location … .

Here, the defendant failed to demonstrate, prima facie, that the area of the sidewalk where the accident occurred was within a designated bus stop location maintained by the City … . Moonilal v Roman Catholic Church of St. Mary Gate of Heaven, 2024 NY Slip Op 01172, Second Dept 3-6-24

Practice Point: Pursuant to the NYC Administrative Code, abutting property owners are responsible for keeping the sidewalk safe, but the City is responsible for keeping bus stops safe.

 

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THERE ARE QUESTIONS OF FACT WHETHER DEFENDANT POLICE OFFICER ACTED IN RECKLESS DISREGARD FOR THE SAFETY OF OTHERS DURING A HIGH-SPEED CHASE; THE PURSUED CAR STRUCK PLAINTIFF’S CAR; THE ACTION AGAINST THE OFFICER AND THE TOWN SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN DISMISSED (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the action against a town police officer (Cunningham) and the town alleging the officer acted in reckless disregard for the safety of others during a high speed chase should not have been dismissed. The car which was pursued by Cunningham struck plaintiff’s (Kolvenbach’s) car:

… [T]he Town defendants failed to eliminate all triable issues of fact as to whether Cunningham acted with reckless disregard for the safety of others and whether such conduct was a proximate cause of Kolvenbach’s injuries … . In support of the Town defendants’ motion, they submitted, among other things, transcripts of the deposition testimony of Cunningham and other witnesses who testified that, on the day at issue, Cunningham pursued Williams at high speeds on damp roads through a main thoroughfare, and that Williams’ vehicle narrowly avoided colliding with other vehicles at earlier points during the pursuit. Thus, contrary to the determination of the Supreme Court, there are triable issues of fact as to whether Cunningham acted in reckless disregard of the safety of others in continuing the pursuit … . There also remain triable issues of fact as to whether Cunningham activated the siren on his police vehicle … and whether he violated police protocols by failing to update his supervisors on the progress of the pursuit via his police radio … . Kolvenbach v Cunningham, 2024 NY Slip Op 00900, Second Dept 2-21-24

Practice Point: This case demonstrates what may constitute “reckless disregard for the safety of others” by a police officer during a high-speed chase which may result in municipal liability for injuries caused by the pursued vehicle.

 

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THE NYC LOCAL LAW ALLOWING NON-CITIZENS TO VOTE IN MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS IS INVALID (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, in a comprehensive opinion by Justice Wooten, over a comprehensive partial concurrence and partial dissent, determined that a NYC Local Law which allowed non-citizens to vote in NYC municipal elections is invalid. The opinion addressed in detail the standing of the different categories of plaintiffs and the validity of the Local Law under the NYS Constitution, the Election Law, and the Municipal Home Rule Law:

This case concerns the validity of Local Law No. 11 (2022) of City of New York, which created a new class of voters eligible to vote in municipal elections consisting of individuals who are not United States citizens and who meet certain enumerated criteria. We determine that this local law was enacted in violation of the New York State Constitution and Municipal Home Rule Law, and thus, must be declared null and void. …

The local law created a new class of voters called “municipal voters” who would be entitled to vote in municipal elections for the offices of mayor, public advocate, comptroller, borough president, and council member. The law defines a “municipal voter” as “a person who is not a United States citizen on the date of the election on which he or she is voting,” and who meets the following criteria: (1) “is either a lawful permanent resident or authorized to work in the United States”; (2) “is a resident of New York [C]ity and will have been such a resident for 30 consecutive days or longer by the date of such election”; and (3) “meets all qualifications for registering or pre-registering to vote under the election law, except for possessing United States citizenship, and who has registered or pre-registered to vote with the board of elections in the city of New York under this chapter.” Fossella v Adams, 2024 NY Slip Op 00891, Second Dept 2-21-24

Practice Point: A NYC Local Law allowing non-US citizens to vote in NYC municipal elections is null and void.

 

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ALTHOUGH THE SPECIFIC CONTRACT WAS NOT IDENTIFIED IN THE COMPLAINT, THE NATURE OF THE BREACH OF CONTRACT CLAIM WAS SUFFICIENTLY ALLEGED BY REFERENCE TO THE NYC ADMINISTRATIVE CODE AND NYC DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PERMITS (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the breach of contract cause of action was sufficiently alleged. Although the complaint did not specifically identify the breached contract, the reference to the relevant provisions of the NYC Administrative Code and the NYC Department of Transportation (DOT) permits gave sufficient notice of the nature of the claim:

… [P]laintiffs alleged that Con Edison failed to ensure payment of prevailing wages by codefendant … as required by the permits issued by the City Department of Transportation (DOT), in that it breached agreements required to be made, pursuant to Administrative Code of City of NY § 19-142, prior to obtaining such permits. Administrative Code § 19-142 required Con Edison “to agree that . . . the prevailing scale of union wages shall be the prevailing wage for similar titles as established by the fiscal officer pursuant to section [220] of the labor law, paid to those so employed,” and provides that “[n]o permit shall be issued until such agreement shall have been entered into with the” DOT. As required by the Administrative Code, the DOT permits issued to Con Edison stated that the permittee was required, “before such permit may be issued, to agree . . . that the prevailing scale of union wages shall be the prevailing wage for similar titles” established pursuant to Labor Law § 220 … …

… [T]he fact that the breach of contract cause of action in the complaint does not specifically identify the relevant contract but instead refers to “the promises required to be made pursuant to New York City Administrative Code § 19-142 prior to obtaining such permits,” does not require dismissal. Despite the non-specificity, the complaint “give[s] sufficient notice of the nature of the claim” by referencing Administrative Code § 19-142 and the DOT permits … . Ross v No Parking Today, Inc., 2024 NY Slip Op 00880, First Dept 2-20-24

Practice Point: Here the failure to identify the specific contract which was breached did not require dismissal of the breach of contract cause of action because the nature of the action was sufficiently alleged by reference to the applicable NYC Administrative Code provision and NYC Department of Transportation permits.

 

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THE STREET REPAIR WORK DONE BY THE CITY IN THE AREA WHERE PLAINTIFF SLIPPED AND FELL WAS DONE MORE THAN A YEAR BEFORE AND DETERIORATED GRADUALLY OVER TIME; IN ORDER FOR THE CITY TO BE LIABLE FOR CREATING THE DANGEROUS CONDITION THE DEFECT MUST HAVE BEEN THE IMMEDIATE RESULT OF THE WORK (FOURTH DEPT). ​

The Fourth Department, reversing (modifying) Supreme Court, dismissed the action against the city in this slip and fall case. There was a question whether the city repair to the street deteriorated over a period of a year or more. But in order to be liable for creating a dangerous condition, the defect must be the “immediate result” of the work done:

Plaintiffs failed to raise “a triable issue of fact concerning the applicability of [an] exception to the prior written notice requirement, i.e., whether the City created the allegedly dangerous condition through an affirmative act of negligence” … . The exception is limited to work by the City that immediately results in the existence of a dangerous condition. Although the record supports the inference that the City may have created a dangerous condition by failing to replace a temporary cold patch with a permanent repair, the resulting allegedly dangerous condition here developed over a period greater than a year and did not “immediately result” from the City’s work … . Graham v City of Syracuse, 2024 NY Slip Op 00710, Fourth Dept 2-9-24

Practice Point: In a slip and fall case, in order for a city to be liable for creating the dangerous condition, the defect must be the “immediate result” of the work done by the city. Here the work was done more than a year before and the defect developed gradually over time. The city was not liable.

 

THE 10-DAY PERIOD DURING WHICH PETITIONER POLICE OFFICER MUST APPLY FOR DISABILITY BENEFITS STARTED TO RUN WHEN HE LEARNED HE HAD SUFFERED PERMANENT LUNG DAMAGE, NOT WHEN HE FIRST CONTRACTED COVID; PETITIONER’S APPLICATION FOR DISABILITY BENEFITS SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN DENIED AS UNTIMELY (THIRD DEPT). ​

The Third Department, reversing Sullivan County’s denial of disability benefits for petitioner police officer (Ramos), determined the time when petitioner learned he had permanent lung damage (September 9, 2021), not the time when he contracted COVID (August 9, 2021), was the operative date for timely application for General Municipal Law 207-c disability benefits:

Code of the County of Sullivan § 70-7 requires, among other things, applications for benefits under General Municipal Law § 207-c to be made “within 10 days from the date of the incident alleged to have given rise to the claim of disability or illness, or from the time such condition is discovered, whichever date is later. * * *

… [I]t was improper for the Director to use August 9, 2021 as the incident date that commenced the 10-day period within which Ramos was required to file his application for benefits. Ramos’ application clearly stated that he was informed on September 9, 2021 about his lung damage stemming from his contraction of COVID-19, and it was on this date that Ramos first discovered the disability (i.e., possible lung damage) that gave rise to his claim and application for benefits. Ramos’ September 17, 2021 application was made within 10 days of September 9, 2021 … . Matter of Sullivan County Patrolmen’s Benevolent Assn., Inc. v County of Sullivan, 2024 NY Slip Op 00481, Third Dept 2-1-24

Practice Point: Any time period during which a police officer must apply for disability benefits starts to run when the officer first learns of his permanent disability, not when the officer first became ill.

 

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