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FAMILY COURT DID NOT MAKE THE REQUIRED “SEARCHING INQUIRY” RE: WHETHER FATHER WAS KNOWINGLY, INTELLIGENTLY AND VOLUNTARILY WAIVING HIS RIGHT TO COUNSEL (FIRST DEPT). ​

The First Department, reversing Family Court, held the judge did not make the required “searching inquiry” to determine whether father was knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waiving his right to counsel. Father had made a motion to vacate a final order of protection:

… [T]he court failed to conduct the requisite “searching inquiry” to ensure that the father’s waiver of his right to counsel was “knowing, intelligent, and voluntary” … . While the court advised both parties that they had the right to be represented by counsel, could seek an adjournment to speak to one, and that one might be appointed to them, the court did not question the father about his background, such as age, education, or occupation, and any prior experience of being a pro se litigant or being exposed to legal procedures … . It also did not caution the father against self-representation, detail the dangers and disadvantages of doing so, or inform him that he would have to follow the same legal rules as if he had been represented … . Thus, the court failed to evaluate the father’s competency to waive counsel and his understanding of the consequences of self-representation … . Matter of Marlene H. v Loren D.2023 NY Slip Op 05225, First Dept 10-17-23

Practice Point: The questions a judge must ask before a waiver of the right counsel will be deemed valid are concisely explained.

 

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THE MAJORITY DETERMINED MOTHER’S PARENTAL RIGHTS WERE PROPERLY TERMINATED; MOTHER AND THE DISSENT ARGUED THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES DISCOURAGED HER FROM COMMUNICATING WITH IT WELL BEFORE THE ABANDONMENT PERIOD (SIX MONTHS BEFORE THE FILING OF THE TERMINATION PETITION) AND THE JUDGE ERRONEOUSLY PROHIBITED HER FROM PRESENTING EVIDENCE FROM BEFORE THE ABANDONMENT PERIOD (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, over an extensive and comprehensive dissent, determined Family Court properly terminated mother’s parental rights. The question whether a parent has abandoned a child focuses on the six months immediately prior to the filing of the petition to terminate parental rights. Mother argued that the Department of Social Services had discouraged her from communicating with the department and the court had cut off her parental access well before the statutory abandonment period. The dissent agreed with mother’s arguments and supported a new fact-finding hearing:

… [T]he mother failed to demonstrate that the petitioner prevented or discouraged her from communicating with it or with the child, or that she was otherwise unable to do so … . The mother’s contention that the petitioner prevented her from communicating with the child by suspending her parental access is without merit, as it was the Family Court that suspended the mother’s parental access with the child, not the petitioner. Further, the mother was still obligated to maintain contact with the petitioner, which had legal custody of the child, even though the court had suspended her parental access … . * * *

From the dissent:

In this proceeding to terminate the mother’s parental rights on the ground of abandonment, the mother, who had been precluded from visiting with the subject child, asserted that her conduct during the statutory abandonment period did not evince an intent to abandon the child because the petitioner had prevented and discouraged her from maintaining contact with the child and with the petitioner. The Family Court erroneously ruled that the mother could not present evidence regarding events that occurred prior to the statutory abandonment period and erroneously precluded the mother from eliciting such evidence on cross-examination of the petitioner’s witnesses and during her own testimony. The court’s incorrect ruling infringed upon the mother’s right to present evidence regarding the central issue in the proceeding. Matter of Abel J.R. (Estilia R.), 2023 NY Slip Op 05139, Second Dept 10-11-23

Practice Point: To demonstrate abandonment of a child, the proof focuses on the six months before the petition to terminate parental rights was filed. Here mother and the dissent argued the Department of Social Services discouraged her from communicating with it about the child well before the six-month abandonment period. Mother and the dissent argued the Family Court judge erred by limiting proof from prior to the abandonment period. The majority noted mother was allowed to present pre-abandonment-period evidence and that evidence did not negate the proof of abandonment.

 

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THE PARTIES’ SEPARATION AGREEMENT DID NOT MAKE IT CLEAR THE PARTIES KNOWINGLY OPTED OUT OF THE LEVEL OF CHILD SUPPORT REQUIRED BY THE CHILD SUPPORT STANDARDS ACT (CSSA); THEREFORE THE SUPPORT PROVISIONS IN THE AGREEMENT ARE NOT ENFORCEABLE (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the separation agreement did not include the required language indication the parties agree to opt out of the level of child support required by the Child Support Standards Act (CSSA):

“Parties to a separation agreement are free to ‘opt out’ of the provisions of the CSSA so long as their decision is made knowingly” … . “To ensure that waivers of the statutory provisions of the CSSA are truly knowingly made, Domestic Relations Law § 240(1-b)(h) requires that, in order to be valid, a stipulation must recite that the parties have been made aware of the CSSA, and that the basic child support obligation provided for therein would presumptively result in the correct amount. Where the stipulation deviates from the basic child support obligation, it must specify what the presumptive amount would have been and the reason for the deviation” … .

Here … the provisions in the parties’ separation agreement relating to the child support obligations with respect to one child did not contain the specific recitals mandated by the CSSA, and the record does not demonstrate that the plaintiff’s agreement to said provisions was made knowingly. … [T]he provisions are not enforceable … . Sayles v Sayles, 2023 NY Slip Op 04968, Second Dept 9-4-23

Practice Point: Parties to a separation agreement can “opt out” of the level of child support required by the Child Support Standards Act (CSAA). But if the agreement doesn’t include recitals which make it clear the parties knowingly opted out, the agreement is not enforceable.

 

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DEFENDANT HAD THE RIGHT TO ASSIGNED COUNSEL IN THIS CIVIL CONTEMPT PROCEEDING STEMMING FROM DEFENDANT’S FAILURE TO PAY CHILD SUPPORT; THE JUDGE SHOULD HAVE CONDUCTED AN INQUIRY TO SEE IF DEFENDANT QUALIFIED FOR ASSIGNED COUNSEL PRIOR TO ISSUING THE ORDER OF COMMITMENT (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing the order of commitment in this matrimonial case, noted that defendant faced possible jail time for civil contempt stemming from a failure to pay child support. Therefore defendant had a right to assigned counsel if found indigent. The judge should have have ascertained defendant’s financial condition:

“In general, the respondent in a civil contempt proceeding who faces the possibility of the imposition of a term of imprisonment, however short, has the right to the assignment of counsel upon a finding of indigence” … . “Moreover, a parent has the statutory right to counsel in a proceeding in which it is alleged that he or she has willfully failed to comply with a prior child support order” … .

Here, the defendant informed the Supreme Court on multiple occasions that he could not afford to retain an attorney. Therefore, prior to issuing an order of commitment, the court should have inquired into the defendant’s current financial circumstances to determine whether he had become eligible for assigned counsel … . Hoffman v Hoffman, 2023 NY Slip Op 04959, Second Dept 10-4-23

Practice Point: Here defendant was found in civil contempt for failure to pay child support. Because the judge was going to order jail-time, defendant had the right to assigned counsel if he could not afford an attorney. The judge should have conducted an inquest to determine defendant’s financial condition before issuing the order of commitment.

 

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A CONFLICT BETWEEN TWO PROVISIONS OF THE POSTNUPTIAL AGREEMENT REQUIRED A TRIAL TO RESOLVE (FIRST DEPT). ​

The First Department, reversing (modifying) Supreme Court, determined there was a conflict between two provisions of the postnuptial agreement which could only be resolved by a trial:

“When parties set down their agreement in a clear, complete document, their writing should as a rule be enforced according to its terms” … . If a contract’s provisions are subject to more than one or conflicting reasonable interpretations, the agreement will be considered ambiguous, requiring a trial on the parties’ intent … . Here, the language of the agreement allows for more than one reasonable interpretation of the parties’ intentions when they entered into the agreement. The language regarding distribution of the parties’ assets is specifically contingent on the occurrence of the operative event otherwise without force or effect. This conflicts with further language that requires the wife to assume certain debt within 30 days of the execution of the agreement. These interrelated provisions are ambiguous as they are “reasonably or fairly susceptible of different interpretations or may have two or more different meanings” (id. [internal quotation marks omitted]). Accordingly, the parties’ intent underpinning these conflicting provisions must be addressed at trial. Bich v Bich, 2023 NY Slip Op 04918. First De[t 10-3-23

Practice Practice: Conflicting provisions in an agreement render the agreement ambiguous requiring a trial.

 

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THE PARTIES’ STIPULATION REQUIRED PLAINTIFF TO FURNISH PAY STUBS AS A PREREQUISITE FOR HER RECEIVING CHILD SUPPORT; SUPREME COURT SHOULD NOT HAVE HELD THAT INFORMAL TIMESHEETS WERE THE FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENT OF PAY STUBS (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the requirement in the parties’ stipulation that, in order to receive child support, defendant must demonstrate her employment by furnishing pay stubs was not met by furnishing time sheets:

The parties’ stipulation of August 24, 2021, provides in pertinent part that plaintiff will pay defendant $2,000 per month “as a contribution towards [defendant’s] childcare expenses.” Plaintiff’s obligation to make the payment is conditioned upon defendant being “employed by a nonrelative” and upon her periodic furnishing to plaintiff of “paystub[s]” documenting such employment. The stipulation requires defendant to provide plaintiff with her first paystub from a given employer, the first and last paystub of each calendar year, and the paystub covering July 1 of each year. Defendant moved for an order directing plaintiff to make a childcare payment based on her provision of timesheets purporting to document childcare services that she performed for Matthew Kleban. Kleban is the father of two girls, one of whom is a friend of the parties’ daughter.

… [T]he parties, both represented by counsel, entered into a stipulation that expressly conditioned plaintiff’s obligation to make childcare payments upon defendant’s production of “paystub[s]” to document her employment by a nonrelative. The term “paystub” is defined as “a record that is given to an employee with each paycheck and that shows the amount of money earned and the amount that was removed for taxes, insurance costs, etc.” (https://merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paystub); accord Black’s Law Dictionary 1364 [11th ed 2019]). Under this definition, and based upon the circumstances herein, the informal timesheets produced by defendant plainly do not qualify as “paystubs.” In holding that plaintiff’s childcare payment obligation was nonetheless triggered under the stipulation because the timesheets were the “functional equivalent” of paystubs, the motion court impermissibly changed the meaning of the parties’ agreement by adding or excising terms under the guise of construction … . Franklin v Franklin, 2023 NY Slip Op 04925, First De[t 10-3-23

Practice Point: Here the judge’s finding that informal timesheets were the functional equivalent of pay stubs impermissibly changed the meaning of the parties’ stipulation. The stipulation required plaintiff to prove she was employed as a prerequisite for her receipt of child support.

 

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THE EVIDENCE DID NOT SUPPORT THE FINDING RESPONDENT COMMITTED THE FAMILY OFFENSE OF HARASSMENT SECOND DEGREE (FOURTH DEPT).

The Fourth Department, reversing Family Court, determined the evidence did not support the family offense of harassment second degree:

“A petitioner bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that respondent committed a family offense” … . To establish that respondent committed acts constituting harassment in the second degree, petitioner was required to establish that respondent engaged in conduct that was intended to harass, annoy or alarm petitioner, that petitioner was alarmed or seriously annoyed by the conduct, and that the conduct served no legitimate purpose (see Penal Law § 240.26 [3]). Here, the evidence presented by petitioner at the hearing consisted primarily of petitioner’s testimony that respondent posted “negative posts and stuff” on social media about him including, in particular, two posts on Facebook about an unnamed “ex” that he believed referred to him, after which respondent blocked him from viewing her posts. We conclude under the circumstances of this case that the evidence presented by petitioner failed to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that respondent engaged in acts constituting harassment in the second degree … . Matter of Geremski v Berardi, 2023 NY Slip Op 04883, Fourth Dept 9-29-23

Practice Point: Here the finding respondent committed the family offense of harassment second degree was not supported by the preponderance of the evidence.

 

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MOTHER WAS PROPERLY FOUND TO HAVE DEFAULTED IN THIS CUSTODY MATTER; MOTHER’S ATTORNEY APPEARED BUT DECLINED TO PARTICIPATE; ALTHOUGH AN ORDER ENTERED UPON DEFAULT CANNOT BE APPEALED, CONTESTED MATTERS DETERMINED BY THE TRIAL COURT, HERE WHETHER MOTHER’S ATTORNEY’S REQUEST FOR AN ADJOURNMENT SHOULD HAVE BEEN GRANTED, CAN BE CONSIDERED UPON APPEAL FROM THE ORDER (FOURTH DEPT). ​

The Fourth Department determined Family Court properly found that mother had defaulted in this custody case, despite the appearance of her attorney, who declined to participate. The Fourth Department noted that, although orders issued pursuant to a default are not appealable, contested issues addressed by the court prior to the order can be appealed:

The court, concluding that the mother had adequate warning that she needed to appear visually at the hearing and ample time to ensure that she could so appear, denied the request for an adjournment and determined that it would proceed by inquest. Inasmuch as the mother’s attorney, although present, thereafter declined to participate in the inquest in the mother’s absence and instead elected to stand mute, we conclude that the court properly determined that the mother’s failure to appear in the manner required constituted a default … .

“[N]otwithstanding the prohibition set forth in CPLR 5511 against an appeal from an order or judgment entered upon the default of the appealing party, the appeal from [such an] order [or judgment] brings up for review those ‘matters which were the subject of contest’ before the [trial court]” … . Thus, in this appeal, review is limited to the mother’s contention that the court abused its discretion in denying her attorney’s request for an adjournment … . We reject that contention. Matter of Reardon v Krause, 2023 NY Slip Op 04880, Fourth Dept 9-29-23

Practice Point: Here mother did not appear in the custody case and her attorney appeared but declined to participate. Therefore Family Court properly found mother to be in default.

Practice Point: Although an order entered upon default is not appealable, an appeal from such an order brings up contested matters decided prior to the order. Here the appellate court considered the denial of mother’s attorney’s request for an adjournment.

 

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FATHER’S OBJECTIONS (EXCEPTIONS) TO THE IMMEDIATE RETURN OF HIS SON TO ITALY PURSUANT TO THE HAGUE CONVENTION SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN REJECTED; THE EXCEPTIONS RELATED TO ALLEGATIONS THE SON WAS SUBJECTED TO SEXUAL ABUSE BY A MINOR IN MOTHER’S HOME IN ITALY (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, reversing Supreme Court, remitting the matter for a hearing, determined father, pursuant to the Hague Convention, had demonstrated the child should not be returned to his mother in Italy based on his allegations he was being sexually abused by a minor who was living with mother and her boyfriend. Therefore, Supreme Court should not have rejected father’s objections (exceptions) to his son’s immediate return to Italy for further proceedings:

… [T]he father’s affidavit reflects that the child made prompt, detailed disclosures of extended sexual abuse experienced in Italy. According to that affidavit, the child also reported that abuse to the mother, who did nothing to intervene or prevent it and instead “forced” the child to continue sleeping in the same bed as the offending minor. As a result, the child has developed a fear of returning to the mother’s custody in Italy. Supreme Court was also provided with a State Police incident report, which reflects that the child made consistent allegations regarding the abuse about a week following his disclosure to the father while interviewed by a child advocate. The submissions further included confirmation of the Italian criminal proceedings against the mother and the boyfriend for not only their alleged failure to prevent the abuse but their facilitation thereof, and there is no information in the record regarding the current status of those proceedings. Accepting these serious allegations as true … , it was an abuse of discretion to summarily reject the father’s first exception. * * *

The affidavit also makes clear the child’s particularized fear of returning to the mother’s custody given that failure and her alleged facilitation of the sexual abuse that he suffered. The record also contained an email exchange regarding the child’s lack of communication with the mother following his disclosure to the father, in which the father describes the child as “a mature smart boy” who was thus being permitted to determine his own communication preferences. Also before the court was the transcript of a telephone call between the child and the mother, in which the child, then nearly 10½ years old, articulately opposed the mother’s efforts to secure his return, citing the mother’s “lies” as to why he is in New York. Although the parties debate the influence each of them has had over the child’s position, any undue influence also presents an issue of fact … . Matter of Luisa JJ. v Joseph II, 2023 NY Slip Op 04699, Third Dept 9-21-23

Practice Point: Here mother demonstrated her son should be returned to her in Italy pursuant to the procedures in the Hague Convention. However father’s objections (exceptions) to his son’s immediate return to Italy based on allegations of sexual abuse by a minor in mother’s home should not have been rejected by Supreme Court. An immediate hearing in Supreme Court was ordered.

 

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IN ORDERING A NEW HEARING ON MOTHER’S PETITION TO RELOCATE, THE FIRST DEPARTMENT NOTED THE INADEQUACY OF THE PROOF PRESENTED BY ASSIGNED COUNSEL AT THE FIRST HEARING AND CONSIDERED “NEW” FACTS WHICH WERE NOT PART OF THE RECORD ON APPEAL (FIRST DEPT). ​

The First Department, reversing Family Court over a detailed and comprehensive dissent, determined mother was entitled to a new hearing on her petition to relocate to North Carolina because her assigned counsel did not adequately present evidence of the financial necessity of the move. The dissent would grant the petition to relocate based on the existing record:

… [A]s the attorney for the child argues on this appeal, the mother’s motion to this Court for a stay pending appeal (a motion this Court granted by order entered November 15, 2022 and continued by order entered April 20, 2023), raised legitimate concerns about the adequacy of representation by her assigned counsel at the fact-finding hearing on her relocation petition. Specifically, … the mother attests that counsel failed to adequately present evidence of the financial necessity that supports her decision to relocate. On account of these omissions, as well as the passage of time and intervening events that have occurred since the court’s September 6, 2022 order, we reverse the court’s denial of the mother’s petition and remand for a new hearing to determine what is in the child’s best interests … . Although the facts warranting a new hearing are outside the record on appeal, given that changed circumstances have particular significance in child custody matters, we take notice of the new facts to the extent they indicate that the record is no longer sufficient to determine the mother’s relocation petition … . Matter of Emily F. v Victor P., 2023 NY Slip Op 04634, First Dept 9-14-23

Practice Point: Here the First Department considered “new” facts which were  not part of the record on appeal in determining there should be a new hearing on mother’s petition to relocate.

 

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