Defamation – New York Appellate Digest

THE TWITTER/X POSTS REFERRING TO PLAINTIFF AS A “STALKER” AND STATING “THAT MAN HAS HARMED MULTIPLE WOMEN AND IS ABUSIVE AND MANIPULATIVE …” WERE DEEMED NONACTIONABLE OPINION AND THE DEFAMATION ACTION WAS DISMISSED (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined Supreme Court properly found that the anti-SLAPP statute applied to this defamation, but the defamation complaint should have been dismissed because the Twitter/X posts constituted nonactionable opinion:

Plaintiff and defendant were PhD students at Columbia University … and were enrolled in the same seminar … . Plaintiff alleges that he was defamed by two Tweets defendant posted on Twitter (now X) … .. In response to seeing a picture of plaintiff with “a prominent scholar, attorney, abolitionist, and author,” defendant retweeted the post with a meme stating, “if I speak, Twitter will suspend me,” followed by a comment “I am triggered.” She then separately tweeted, without naming plaintiff or the other individual in the photograph, “when the abolitionist posts your stalker,” followed later by a comment to her Tweet “that man has harmed multiple women and is abusive and manipulative but congratulations on his dissertation, I guess.” …

… [Supreme Court] should … have granted defendant’s motion to dismiss the complaint because plaintiff failed to show … that his claims had a substantial basis in law (Civil Rights Law §§ 70—a, 76—a; CPLR 3211[g] …). Defamation requires a false statement of fact and is judged from the perspective of an average, reasonable reader … . Context is critical for social media statements, where hyperbole and rhetorical exaggeration are common and are less likely to be interpreted literally … . Read in context, defendant’s tweets were emotionally charged reactions written in Twitter’s vernacular and accompanied by rhetoric, signaling that they were nonactionable opinions … . Talbert v Tynes, 2026 NY Slip Op 01478, First Dept 3-17-26

Practice Point: Consult this decision for insight into the way courts interpret “hyperbole and rhetorical exaggeration” in the context of a defamation action based upon Twitter/X posts.

March 17, 2026

Civil Procedure, Civil Rights Law, Defamation, Environmental Law

THE DEFAMATION SUIT BY PLAINTIFF MARINA OWNER AGAINST AN ENVRONMENTAL ADVOCACY ORGANIZATION AND A PUBLISHER WAS A STRATEGIC LAWSUIT AGAINST PUBLIC PARTICIPATION (SLAPP); DEFENDANT WAS ABLE TO SHOW ONE PUBLISHED STATEMENT WAS FALSE; THEREFORE THE ACTION CAN PROCEED WITH RESPECT TO THAT ONE STATEMENT (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing (modifying) Supreme Court, determined the action by plaintiff marina-owner against defendant environmental advocacy organization and defendant publisher was a strategic lawsuit against public participation (SLAPP). Therefore the burden shifted to plaintiff to demonstrate there was a substantial basis in law to allege that published statements were false. The Second Department found that all but one of the statements were truthful on nonactionable statements of opinion. The claim that the marina would encompass four times the area of the present marina was the one statement for which there was a substantial basis in law for claiming it to be defamatory:

In 1992, New York enacted legislation to provide protection from a strategic lawsuit against public participation (hereinafter SLAPP suit) that is, a lawsuit characterized as having little merit, brought in retaliation for making public comment on matters of civic significance (see Civil Rights Law §§ 70-a, 76-a …). The anti-SLAPP law … accomplishes its protective goal by providing expedited processes for a defendant to obtain dismissal of a SLAPP suit (see CPLR 3211 [g]; 3212 [h]) and by allowing awards of counsel fees and damages to a defendant targeted by a such a lawsuit (see Civil Rights Law § 70-a). When a defendant moves to dismiss a complaint under CPLR 3211 (g), it is the defendant’s initial burden to show that the lawsuit is indeed a SLAPP suit … . If that burden is met, the motion to dismiss must be granted unless the plaintiff can demonstrate that its action has “a substantial basis in law, which requires such relevant proof as a reasonable mind may accept as adequate to support a conclusion or ultimate fact” … . Under this unique framework, “which is, in effect, an accelerated summary judgment procedure” … , a court is required to consider the pleadings as well as affidavits submitted by the parties setting forth the relevant facts (see CPLR 3211 [g] [2]). * * *

As for the question of whether the instant action constitutes a SLAPP suit, we find that it does. * * *

… [T]he burden shifted to plaintiff to demonstrate that its defamation claim had a substantial basis in law. In an effort to satisfy this burden, plaintiff asserted that five of the claims contained within the published statement were false. Supreme Court disagreed, siding with defendants’ position that each of the contested claims was either truthful or a nonactionable expression of opinion. We concur with the court relative to all but one of the claims. A portion of the statement indicated that plaintiff “wants to replace 8,600 square feet of dock . . . with 34,000 feet of commercial marina for 93 motorized boat slips. That’s a four-fold increase.” … [T]he record reveals that, in arriving at those figures, [defendant] used inconsistent measurements. … [W]e are satisfied that plaintiff met its corresponding burden of establishing that part of its defamation claim had a substantial basis in law, and as a result defendants’ motions to dismiss should have been denied to the extent of allowing the defamation claim to proceed as to that one statement. USL Mar., LLC v Adirondack Wild: Friends of the Forest Preserve, 2026 NY Slip Op 00953, Second Dept 2-18-26

Practice Point: Consult this opinion for insight into how the expedited summary-judgment procedure works for a lawsuit that meets the criteria for a strategic lawsuit against public participation (SLAPP). Here plaintiff met its burden to proceed on one allegedly defamatory statement.

February 18, 2026

Civil Procedure, Defamation, Judges

SUPREME COURT WENT BEYOND THE PARAMETERS OF THE REMITTAL BY ACCEPTING SUPPLEMENTAL ARGUMENTS ON NEW CASE LAW AND BY RENDERING A DECISION ON GROUNDS NOT INCLUDED IN THE REMITTAL; DISMISSAL OF THE COMPLAINT REVERSED, DEFAMATION CAUSES OF ACTION REINSTATED (FOURTH DEPT).

The Fourth Department, reversing (modifying) Supreme Court, determined Supreme Court went beyond the parameters of the remittal. Supreme Court had dismissed the complaint. The Fourth Department reinstated several defamation causes of action:

We agree with plaintiff that the court impermissibly expanded the scope of the remittal. “[A] trial court, upon a remand or remittitur, is without power to do anything except to obey the mandate of the higher court, and render judgment in conformity therewith” … . This Court expressed our remittal directive in our order, and Supreme Court impermissibly expanded the scope of that remittal by accepting supplemental arguments on, inter alia, the effect of new case law relating to the retroactivity of the amended anti-SLAPP statute, and by basing its decision on grounds that were not included within the remittal .. . Trinh v Nguyen, 2025 NY Slip Op 07136, Fourth Dept 12-23-25

Practice Point: Here Supreme Court did not follow the mandate of the remittal by accepting new legal arguments and deciding the case on grounds not included in the remittal. Supreme Court’s dismissal of the complaint was reversed.

December 23, 2025

Civil Procedure, Defamation

DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO AMEND THEIR COUNTERCLAIM FOR DEFAMATION, DEFAMATION PER SE AND DEFAMATION BY IMPLICATION SHOULD HAVE BEEN GRANTED; CRITERIA EXPLAINED (FOURTH DEPT).

The Fourth Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined defendants’ cross-motion to amend the counterclaim for defamation should been granted. The allegations of defamation, defamation per se and defamation by implication were deemed sufficient. The decision is fact specific and cannot be fairly summarized here. The plaintiff and defendants, licensed investment advisors, entered an employment arrangement which broke down. Plaintiff sued for breach of a restrictive covenant. Defendants asserted a counterclaim for defamation based upon emails sent by plaintiff to their business clients:

Defendants sufficiently alleged that the statements made by the individual parties were false and that they were reasonably susceptible of a defamatory connotation. In determining the sufficiency of a defamation pleading, we must “consider ‘whether the contested statements are reasonably susceptible of a defamatory connotation’ ” … , and, in doing so, we must “give the disputed language a fair reading in the context of the publication as a whole” … . Here, the emails were sent to clients of plaintiff who had previously been clients of defendants and advised them that defendant was no longer employed by plaintiff. The emails stated that the investment trading industry was “highly regulated,” that plaintiff had “compliance policies” to protect its clients against “conflicts of interest,” and that defendant found those policies “overly burdensome.” We conclude that the disputed language provides a basis “from which the ordinary reader could draw an inference” … that plaintiff was accusing defendant of failing to adhere to ethical standards in the investment trading industry. …

” ‘A statement imputing incompetence or dishonesty to the [party] is defamatory per se if there is some reference, direct or indirect, in the words or in the circumstances attending to their utterance, which connects the charge of incompetence or dishonesty to the particular profession or trade engaged in by [the party]’ ” … . The statement “must be more than a general reflection upon [the party’s] character or qualities[;] . . . [it] must reflect on [the party’s] performance or be incompatible with the proper conduct of [their] business” …. Here, as alleged in the proposed amended counterclaim, the statements conveyed that defendant was unable to conduct her work in a legally compliant and ethical manner and that she lacked professional competence or integrity. …

” ‘Defamation by implication’ is premised not on direct statements but on false suggestions, impressions and implications arising from otherwise truthful statements” … . There is a heightened legal standard for a claim of defamation by implication … . “Under that standard, ‘[t]o survive a motion to dismiss a claim for defamation by implication where the factual statements at issue are substantially true, the [party asserting the defamation claim] must make a rigorous showing that the language of the communication as a whole can be reasonably read both to impart a defamatory inference and to affirmatively suggest that the author intended or endorsed that inference’ ” … . The second part of the test is an objective inquiry and ” ‘asks whether the plain language of the communication itself suggests that an inference was intended or endorsed’ ” … . Armbruster Capital Mgt., Inc. v Barrett, 2025 NY Slip Op 06493, Fourth Dept 11-21-25

Practice Point: Consult this decision for a detailed discussion of the elements of defamation, defamation per se, and defamation by implication.

November 21, 2025

Civil Procedure, Civil Rights Law, Defamation, Evidence

PLAINTIFFS’ REQUEST FOR SPECIFIED DISCOVERY IN OPPOSITION TO AN “ANTI-SLAPP-LAW” MOTION TO DISMISS SHOULD HAVE BEEN GRANTED, CRITERIA EXPLAINED (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing (modifying) Supreme Court, determined the request for specified discovery made by plaintiffs with respect to the SLAPP (strategic lawsuits against public petition and participation) defense should have been granted:

… [I]n opposing defendants’ motion to dismiss … , plaintiffs made an alternative request for specified discovery pursuant to CPLR 3211(g)(3). In essence, a CPLR 3211(g) motion is an accelerated summary judgment motion brought in the context of a SLAPP claim … . The statute makes special provision for discovery upon an application by the party opposing the CPLR 3211(g) motion. Such discovery is tailored to aid a party in summoning “facts essential to justify its opposition” to a SLAPP claim (CPLR 3211[g][3]) and thereby show a substantial basis for their claims … .

As required by the statute, plaintiffs made their request for specified discovery under oath and with a detailed list of the depositions they seek in ascertaining who contacted the FBI, who knew what about the investigation, and when (see CPLR 3311[g][3]). Plaintiffs seek to substantiate their theory that defendants themselves instigated the FBI investigation to provide a predicate for the guardianship proceeding.

Supreme Court incorrectly held that the anti-SLAPP law did not apply, but, if it did, plaintiffs had established a substantial basis for their claims on the existing record. The court thus never reached plaintiffs’ alternative request for discovery. The parties did not brief the issue of specified discovery on the appeal. Under these circumstances, we modify Supreme Court’s denial of the motion to dismiss directed at the SLAPP claims and remand the action for discovery under CPLR 3211(g)(3) prefatory to determination of the dismissal motion. Kohler v West End 84 Units LLC, 2025 NY Slip Op 05042, First Dept 9-23-25

Practice Point: CPLR 3311[g][3] provides for discovery in the face of a motion to dismiss pursuant the anti-SLAPP statute. Here the judge’s failure to grant the discovery request required remittal.

September 23, 2025

Civil Procedure, Constitutional Law, Defamation, Evidence, Judges

ALTHOUGH PLAINTIFF IN THIS DEFAMATION ACTION WAS ALLOWED TO SUE UNDER A PSEUDONYM, THE TEMPORARY RESTRAINING ORDER PROHIBITING DEFENDANTS FROM REVEALING PLAINTIFF’S IDENTITY TO THIRD PARTIES, INCLUDING WITNESSES AND INVESTIGATORS, WAS AN UNCONSTITUTIONAL PRIOR RESTRAINT OF SPEECH (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing (modifying) Supreme Court, determined the temporary restraining order prohibiting defendants from revealing plaintiff’s identity to third parties in this defamation action was an unconstitutional prior restraint on speech. Plaintiff had been allowed to sue under a pseudonym:

… Supreme Court erred in granting that branch of the plaintiffs’ motion which was for a temporary restraining order prohibiting the defendants from disclosing the plaintiffs’ identities to third parties, sharing any statements or documents regarding the instant action, or discussing the instant action. “A prior restraint on speech is a law, regulation or judicial order that suppresses speech on the basis of the speech’s content and in advance of its actual expression” … . “Any imposition of prior restraint, whatever the form, bears a ‘heavy presumption against its constitutional validity, and a party seeking to obtain such a restraint bears a correspondingly heavy burden of demonstrating justification for its imposition'” … . An injunction issued in the area of First Amendment rights under the United States Constitution “must be tailored as precisely as possible to the exact needs of the case” … . Here, the Supreme Court’s temporary restraining order was overbroad, such that it prevented the defendants from discussing the instant action with third-party witnesses or disclosing the plaintiffs’ names for investigative purposes … . Doe v Eliyas, 2025 NY Slip Op 04876, Second Dept 9-10-25

Practice Point: Consult this decision for insight into when a restraining order prohibiting revealing the identity of a plaintiff suing under a pseudonym is an unconstitutional prior restraint of speech.

September 10, 2025

Civil Procedure, Civil Rights Law, Defamation

ALTHOUGH DEFENDANT DEMONSTRATED THE POST ON LINKEDIN MET THE CRITERIA FOR THE “STRATEGIC LAWSUIT AGAINST PUBLIC PARTICIPATION” (SLAPP) DEFENSE TO THE DEFAMATION ACTION, PLAINTIFFS DEMONSTRATED THE DEFAMATION ACTION HAS A “SUBSTANTIAL BASIS IN LAW;” THEREFORE THE ACTION SURVIVED THE MOTION TO DISMISS PURSUANT TO CIVIL RIGHTS LAW 76-A (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department determined plaintiffs had stated causes of action for defamation requiring the denial of defendant’s motion to dismiss the action as a strategic lawsuit against public participation (SLAPP, Civil Rights Law section 76-a). Plaintiffs alleged defendant put up a post on Linkedin in which defendant held himself out as a “Nonprofit Leader and Consultant” and referred to a person readily identified as plaintiff Stiloski. The post stated that “[a] Tarrytown extremist who supports neo-Nazi causes and does a ton of business with the Village placed a massive sign on his place showing a graphic middle finger aimed at our Black community:”

… [T]he plaintiffs established that the causes of action alleging defamation and defamation per se had substantial bases in the law. The defendant’s statements in the LinkedIn post, under the circumstances and in the context made, did not constitute nonactionable pure opinion … . The defendant did not call Stiloski a “neo-Nazi,” which arguably can be pure opinion. Rather, the nuanced statements at issue in the LinkedIn post, namely that Stiloski was a “Tarrytown extremist who supports neo-Nazi causes”… , can “readily be proven true or false” and, under these circumstances, in which the defendant held himself out to be a “Nonprofit Leader and Consultant” and the amended complaint alleged that the defendant is a well-known community activist, “signaled to the average reader or listener that the defendant was conveying facts about the plaintiff” … . Alternatively, the statements in the LinkedIn post are those of mixed opinion and, therefore, actionable, as “a reasonable reader would have inferred that the poster had knowledge of facts, unknown to the audience, supporting the assertions made” … . The plaintiffs further sufficiently alleged in the amended complaint that the statements made in the LinkedIn post were detrimental to them. Specifically, the amended complaint alleged that in July 2022, a potential customer refused the plaintiffs’ services and called Stiloski a “racist” and a “white supremacist.” Additionally, the plaintiffs alleged that the automotive business suffered as a result of the defendant’s actions, notably that a local church ceased doing business with the plaintiffs, among [*4]other things … . The plaintiffs further alleged that the defendant’s “actions were taken with malice based on extreme animus and hatred,” and that his conduct was “knowingly malicious, willful and wanton and/or showed reckless disregard” for the plaintiffs’ rights … . Thus, the plaintiffs demonstrated that the causes of action alleging defamation and defamation per se, as well as the other causes of action that were predicated upon the alleged defamatory communication at issue, under these circumstances, had a substantial basis in law … . Stiloski v Wingate, 2025 NY Slip Op 04803, Second Dept 8-27-25

Practice Point: A post on Linkedin meets the criteria for a SLAPP defense to a defamation action. Here however plaintiff demonstrated the defamation action had a “substantial basis in law.” The action therefore survived the motion to dismiss under the SLAPP statute (Civil Rights Law 76-a).

August 27, 2025

Civil Procedure, Contract Law, Defamation, Immunity, Privilege

THE LITIGATION PRIVILEGE WHICH APPLIES TO DEFAMATION ACTIONS WAS NOT APPLICABLE HERE IN THIS BREACH OF CONTRACT ACTION ALLEGING BREACH OF CONFIDENTIALITY AND NONDISPARAGEMENT PROVISIONS; DEFENDANT ALLEGEDLY THREATENED TO PROVIDE DAMAGING TESTIMONY IN ANOTHER ACTION INVOLVING PLAINTIFFS, IN WHICH DEFENDANT WAS NOT A PARTY, IF DEFENDANT’S DEMANDS WERE NOT MET (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined defendant was not entitled to immunity in this breach of contract action alleging breach of confidentiality and nondisparagement provisions. The immunity and privilege which applies to statements made in defamation litigation does not apply in breach of contract litigation:

Plaintiffs allege that defendant breached the confidentiality and nondisparagement provisions of their agreement when he threatened to provide damaging testimony in a separate action between plaintiffs and Reebok (a litigation to which defendant was not a party) if his demands in an unrelated arbitration with plaintiffs were not accepted. Plaintiffs further allege that when his demands were rejected, defendant acted on his threats, contacted Reebok, and offered to provide damaging false testimony in that action.

Defendant … argues … that the Court of Appeals’ recent holding in Gottwald v Sebert (40 NY3d 240 [2023]) bars plaintiffs’ action. In Gottwald, the court held that there is no “sham exception” to the litigation privilege in a defamation action, thus conferring absolute litigation privilege no matter the motivation for the suit … . The motion court agreed that Gottwald barred plaintiff’s action and granted defendant summary judgment on that basis.

Gottwald specifically holds that “absolute immunity from liability for defamation exists for . . . statements made . . . in connection with a proceeding before a court when such words and writings are material and pertinent to the questions involved” … . However, here, plaintiffs’ sole cause of action is for breach of contract, not defamation, and thus, Gottwald is not applicable. Moreover, the absolute litigation privilege granted by the Gottwald court was conferred upon parties to the suit. Gottwald does not speak to whether that privilege extends to individuals ancillary or collateral to the litigation, such as a potential witness. TRB Acquisitions LLC v Yedid, 2025 NY Slip Op 03872, First Dept 6-26-25

Practice Point: The litigation privilege which applies in defamation actions was not applicable here in this breach of contract action where defendant threatened to give damaging testimony in another action involving plaintiffs in which defendant was not a party.

June 26, 2025

Civil Procedure, Civil Rights Law, Defamation

PLAINTIFF STATED A CAUSE OF ACTION FOR DEFAMATION PER SE (DEFENDANT ALLEGEDLY STATED PLAINTIFF ENGAGED IN MONEY LAUNDERING); ALTHOUGH DEFENDANT DEMONSTRATED THE ACTION INVOLVED “PUBLIC PETITION AND PARTICIPATION” WITHIN THE MEANING OF THE SLAPP STATUTE, PLAINTIFF DEMONSTRATED THE DEFAMATION ACTION HAD A SUBSTANTIAL BASIS IN LAW; THEREFORE THE SLAPP STATUTE SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN APPLIED TO DISMISS THE COMPLAINT (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined plaintiff had stated a cause of action for defamation and defendant was not entitled to dismissal of the complaint pursuant to the SLAPP statute (strategic lawsuit against public participation—Civil Rights Law section 70-a(1)(a)). Plaintiff operated a marina under a 60-year lease from the National Park Service, a US governmental agency. Defendant allegedly told plaintiff’s customer that plaintiff was engaged in money-laundering:

… [D]efendant satisfied his initial burden of establishing that this action is an action involving public petition and participation, since it involves a claim based upon “lawful conduct in furtherance of the exercise of the constitutional right of free speech in connection with an issue of public interest” (id. § 76-a[1][a][2]). * * * … [T]he defendant established that the causes of action were asserted in connection with an issue of public interest, as the defendant allegedly accused an entity operating with the authority of a governmental agency of criminal conduct … .

Since the defendant established that this action constitutes an action involving public petition and participation, the burden shifted to the plaintiff to demonstrate that the causes of action had a substantial basis in law … .

… [T]he defendant’s alleged statement that the plaintiff “is engaged in money laundering” did not constitute pure nonactionable opinion … . * * * …[T]he complaint alleged that the defendant acted with “actual malice” or reckless disregard as to whether the statements were true or false … . … [T]he complaint was not required to allege special damages, since it asserted a cause of action alleging defamation per se based upon allegations that the defendant made statements charging the plaintiff with a serious crime or tending to injure it in its trade, business, or profession … . Thus, the plaintiff established that the cause of action alleging defamation per se had a substantial basis in law … . Moonbeam Gateway Mar., LLC v Tai Chan, 2025 NY Slip Op 03802, Second Dept 6-25-25

Practice Point: The motion court dismissed the defamation action on the ground it was precluded by the SLAPP statute. However the Second Department held that plaintiff had demonstrated the defamation action had a substantial basis in law. Therefore defendant did not demonstrate entitlement to dismissal under the SLAPP statute.

June 25, 2025

Defamation, Privilege

STATEMENTS ATTRIBUTED TO DEFENDANT CONSTITUTED NONACTIONABLE OPINION; TO THE EXTENT ANY OF THE STATEMENTS COULD BE REGARDED AS FACT RATHER THAN OPINION, THE STATEMENTS WERE PROTECTED BY QUALIFIED PRIVILEGE; PLAINTIFF DID NOT DEMONSTRATE THE STATEMENTS WERE MADE WITH ACTUAL MALICE (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, in a full-fledged opinion by Justice Singh, determined the statements attributed to defendant New York State Assemblyman Jeffrey Dinowitz constituted nonactionable opinion and plaintiff (Verdi) did not demonstrate Dinowitz acted with actual malice. The facts are far too detailed to summarize here:

Given the history of the hyperbolic and public finger-pointing between the parties, a reasonable reader would conclude that Dinowitz’s statements were opinion and merely “the product of passionate advocacy,” especially considering that he was in the midst of litigation involving accusations of him manipulating student registration to advance a racist agenda … . Although Dinowitz’s status as an assemblyman may lead an average reader to interpret his statements as those of fact known to him through his involvement with the school and the community … , “[e]ven apparent statements of fact may assume the character of statements of opinion, and thus be privileged, when made in . . . circumstances in which an ‘audience may anticipate [the use] of epithets, fiery rhetoric or hyperbole’ ” … . * * *

Even if some of Dinowitz’s statements could be regarded as fact rather than opinion, we agree with the motion court’s finding that Dinowitz’s statements may be entitled to a qualified privilege, as an overcrowded public school is a matter of public concern … . We also agree with the motion court’s determination that the “actual malice” standard should be applied in the evaluation of whether Dinowitz’s conduct went beyond that protected by the qualified privilege … . Verdi v Dinowitz, 2024 NY Slip Op 04287, First Dept 8-22-24

Practice Point: The statements attributed to defendant in this defamation action were nonactionable opinion, criteria explained.

Practice Point: To the extent any of the statements may be regarded as fact, as opposed to opinion, they were protected by qualified privilege because there was no showing the statements were made with actual malice.

August 22, 2024