You are here: / Debtor-Creditor
, , ,

Criteria for Causes of Action Discussed in Extensive Modification of Supreme Court’s Orders

In extensively modifying Supreme Court’s rulings in an action to foreclose a mechanic’s lien, to set aside alleged fraudulent conveyances pursuant to Debtor and Creditor Law section 273, and to recover damages for diversion of trust assets pursuant to article 3-a of the Lien Law, the Second Department explained (1) the effect of obtaining a bond on the Debtor/Creditor and Lien Law causes of action; when the Lien Law cause of action accrues; and (3) the Lien Law has an exception designed to protect purchasers of realty:

The Supreme Court improperly awarded judgment … to set aside conveyances of the property as fraudulent pursuant to Debtor and Creditor Law § 273. Once [defendant] “obtained a bond to discharge the mechanic’s lien, the debt no longer existed for the purposes of Debtor and Creditor Law § 273″… .

However, contrary to the appellants’ contention, the discharge of a mechanic’s lien by the filing of a bond is not equivalent to payment or discharge of a trust claim pursuant to Lien Law article 3-A … Further, contrary to the appellants’ contention, those causes of action were not time-barred by Lien Law § 77(2), which provides that no action to enforce a trust under article 3-A of the Lien Law “shall be maintainable if commenced more than one year after the completion of such improvement.” “The one-year period does not begin to run from the date of substantial completion, but from the date of completion of all work”… .

“While the Lien Law is generally designed to protect contractors, material providers and other classes of workers who supply labor or furnish materials, subdivision (5) of section 13 is an exception which is specifically designed to protect purchasers of realty”… . Holt Constr Corp v Grand Palais LLC, 2013 NY Slip Op 05189, 2nd Dept 7-10-13

 

,

Criteria for Fraudulent Inducement and Attachment

In a full-fledged opinion by Justice Feinman, the First Department outlined the criteria for fraudulent inducement where the parties are “sophisticated entities,” as well as the strict criteria for attachment:

The elements of fraud are a misrepresentation or a material omission of fact which was known to be false by the defendant, made for the purpose of inducing the other party to rely upon it, justifiable reliance of the other party on the misrepresentation or omission, and injury …. In this case, the buyers have not sufficiently alleged justifiable reliance. “[R]eliance must be found to be justifiable under all the circumstances before a complaint can be found to state a cause of action in fraud”…. What constitutes reasonable reliance is “always nettlesome” because it is so fact-intensive…. Sophisticated investors must show they used due diligence and took affirmative steps to protect themselves from misrepresentations by employing what means of verification were available at the time … . * * *

We conclude that, on the extant record which consists of competing affidavits, the grant of an attachment and its confirmation was an abuse of discretion. “[T]he mere fact that defendant is a non-domiciliary residing without the State of New York is not sufficient ground for granting an attachment”…. The sellers have shown no evidence that the buyers lack sufficient assets, or that they will choose to hide or otherwise dispose of their assets. We note that no hearing was held at which the credibility of the buyers’ averments regarding their financial status and resources could be evaluated. At most, the sellers’ affidavits establish that there is potentially a significant amount of bureaucracy involved in obtaining the assets as converted funds. This is not, in itself, sufficient to order an attachment. The orders of the motion court granting and confirming the orders of attachment, and granting discovery to aid in attachment, as well as the order that the buyers transfer assets into New York State, should therefore be reversed.  VisionChina Media Inc v Shareholder Representative Servs, LLC, 2013 NY Slip Op 04298, 1st Dept, 6-11-13

 

, ,

Failure to Demonstrate When Plaintiff Should Have First Become Aware of Fraudulent Conveyance Precluded Dismissal on Statute of Limitations Grounds​

The Second Department determined that causes of action alleging fraudulent conveyances pursuant to Debtor & Creditor Law 276 should not have been dismissed on statute of limitations grounds because the defendants failed to establish when plaintiff should have first become aware of the alleged fraud:

“A cause of action based upon actual fraud under Debtor and Creditor Law § 276 must be brought within six years of the date that the fraud or conveyance occurs, or within two years of the date the fraud should have been discovered, whichever is longer” …. Here, it is undisputed that the verified complaint did not allege the occurrence of any fraudulent conveyances within six years prior to the commencement of the action. However, since it is unclear when the plaintiff should have first been aware of the alleged fraud, the defendants failed to establish that the causes of action alleging actual fraud under Debtor and Creditor Law § 276 should be dismissed as time-barred ….  Felshman v Yamali, 2013 NY Slip Op 03632, 2nd Dept, 5-22-13

 

, ,

Bank Account in Name “Ann … or Thomas…” Could Be Turned Over to Pay Debt Owed by Thomas 

In finding that the funds held in a bank account in the name of “Ann Sledjeski or Thomas Sledjeski” should have been turned over to pay Thomas Sledjeski’s debt, the Second Department wrote:

The Supreme Court should have granted the unopposed petition pursuant to CPLR 5225(b) to direct Hudson City Savings Bank to turn over the funds of an account it held in the name of “Ann Sledjeski or Thomas Sledjeski,” to partially satisfy a judgment entered in favor of the petitioner and against Thomas C. Sledjeski. ” [T]he opening of a joint bank account creates a rebuttable presumption that each named tenant is possessed of the whole of the account so as to make the account vulnerable to levy of a money judgment by the judgment creditor of one of the joint tenants'” (…see Banking Law § 675[b]). Therefore, the petitioner was not required to establish that the judgment debtor was the sole contributor of funds to the account. Moreover, since none of the respondents appeared or answered the proceeding, they failed to rebut the presumption …  Matter of JRP Old Riverhead, Ltd v Hudson City Sav Bank, 2013 NY Slip Op 03484, 2nd Dept, 5-15-13

 

 

,

Two Options to Recover on Note and Mortgage; One in Law (Note); One in Equity (Foreclosure)

In finding that CPLR 5236(b) did not apply in the case, the Second Department described the two options a mortgagee has with respect to recovery based on a note and mortgage:

CPLR 5236(b) provides, in relevant part, that “[r]eal property mortgaged shall not be sold pursuant to an execution issued upon a judgment recovered for all or part of the mortgage debt.” Typically, a mortgagee has the choice of “two remedies: one at law in a suit on the debt as evidenced by the note, the other in equity to foreclose the mortgage” …. A mortgagee who elects to proceed on the note becomes “subject to the statutory restrictions which direct that when a judgment is recovered for all or part of the mortgage debt, the execution shall direct that no part of the mortgage[d] property shall be levied upon or sold thereunder” (Goddard v Johnson, 96 Misc 2d 230, 231). Matter of Ivy Hill Commodities Corp v Beekharry, 2013 NY Slip Op 03483, 2nd Dept, 5-15-13

 

 

,

Prepayment Service Agreement Does Not Constitute a Debt that is Subject to a Restraining Notice Pursuant to CPLR 5222 (b)

The Court of Appeals, in a full-fledged opinion by Judge Rivera, determined that “an at-will, prepayment service agreement, which lacks any obligation to continue services or a commitment to engage in future dealings, [does not] constitute[] a property interest or debt subject to a CPLR 5222 (b) restraining notice:”

The Appellate Division here affirmed the Supreme Court’s findings of fact, which are supported by the record (see Karger, Powers of the New York Court of Appeals § 13:10, at 489 [3d ed. rev.][facts affirmed by the Appellate Division with evidentiary support are “conclusive and binding on the Court”]). The affirmed findings established that [defendant] prepaid for its service, and as such, there was no debt past due or yet to become due under the definition of CPLR 5201 (a). The only remaining issue is whether [defendant’s] oral agreement with GNAPs [a telephone switch service agreement which defendant decided weekly whether to continue] is an attachable property interest subject to restraint.  …[B]ecause [defendant] prepaid for services to be provided by GNAPs on a week-to-week basis, without any commitment or promise for additional services, or any assurance of a continued purchase of services, [defendant] neither owed any debt to, nor possessed any property of, GNAPs that could be subject to a restraint notice. Similarly, because [defendant’s] payments to GNAPs constitute neither a debt nor a present or future property interest, CPLR 5201 (a) and (b) are not applicable.  Verizon…v Transcom…, No 70, CtApp, 5-2-13

 

 

, ,

Pursuant to CPLR 5225, a Parent Bank Can Not Be Garnished Because a Judgment Debtor’s Assets Are Held in a Foreign Subsidiary Bank

The question before the Court of Appeals was whether a judgment creditor, pursuant to CPLR 5225, can obtain a turnover order against a bank to garnish the assets held by the bank’s foreign subsidiary. The plaintiff in this case, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, obtained two tax judgments against the tax debtors (the Millards) for over $18,000,000 each. The Millards left the commonwealth before the judgments were issued and settled in the Cayman Islands. The judgments were registered in the Southern District of Florida. The Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC) had a branch in New York. The commonwealth sought to garnish CIBC under the theory that the Millards had accounts in subsidiaries of CIBC, namely First Carribean International Bank Limited (CFIB) or its affiliates in the Cayman Islands. In determining the commonwealth could not get at the Millards assets in the Cayman Islands through the parent Canadian bank, the Court of Appeals, in a full-fledged opinion by Judge Rivera, wrote:

Under CPLR article 52, a special proceeding for a turnover order is the procedural mechanism devised by the Legislature to enforce a judgment against an asset of a judgment debtor, held in the “possession or custody” of a third-party.* * * … [W]e interpret the omission of “control” from section 5225 (b) as an indication that “possession or custody” requires actual possession. Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands v Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce …, No 58, CtApp, 4-30-13

 

, , ,

Proof Submitted in Reply Papers Not Considered

In finding plaintiffs’ claim for indemnification was not supported by proof plaintiffs had actually paid the debts for which they sought reimbursement, the Second Department noted that the debt-payment-proof submitted in reply papers could not be considered:

With limited exceptions not applicable here, a cause of action seeking indemnification is not enforceable until payment is made or a loss is suffered by the party seeking indemnification …. Here, the plaintiffs failed to establish, prima facie, that they actually paid any of the debts … . The plaintiffs’ proof on that issue, which was submitted for the first time in their reply papers, may not be considered for purposes of establishing their prima facie entitlement to judgment as a matter of law … .  Gamparo v Mathai, 2013 NY Slip Op 02711, 2nd Dept, 4-24-13

 

, ,

Remedy When Referee Exceeds Authority

The Second Department explained the effect of a referee’s exceeding his or her authority:

“A referee derives his or her authority from an order of reference by the court” …. The scope of a referee’s duties are defined by the order of reference (see CPLR 4311;…). A referee “who attempts to determine matters not referred to him [or her] by the order of reference acts beyond and in excess of his [or her] jurisdiction” …. Here, the Supreme Court directed the referee to hear and report on the issues of whether the plaintiff complied with the terms of the loan reinstatement agreement …. Instead of making findings of fact and reporting them to the Supreme Court, the referee exceeded his authority by making a determination that the loan should be reinstated … . Since the referee had no authority to do so, the Supreme Court should have rejected his report in its entirety … . Furman v Wells Fargo Home Mtge Inc, 2013 NY Slip Op 02374, 2011-10281, 2011-10284, Index No 25616/09, 2nd Dept, 4-10-13

 

,

Handwriting Expert Not Necessary to Create Question of Fact About Authenticity of Signature

The Second Department determined the defendant had raised a question of fact about the authenticity of his signature without submitting an affidavit by a handwriting expert:

The plaintiff made a prima facie showing of entitlement to judgment as a matter of law by demonstrating the existence of a promissory note executed by the defendant, the unconditional terms of repayment, and the defendant’s default thereunder … . However, in response, the defendant raised a triable issue of fact as to the validity of his signature on the note by pointing out several alleged irregularities in the document’s signature page and by submitting an affidavit on his own behalf … . While the defendant did not submit an affidavit by a handwriting expert, where, as here, the defendant has provided more than his own unsubstantiated, conclusory allegations of fraud, expert testimony is not strictly necessary, and would be more appropriate for proof at trial … .  Cooper Capital Group, Ltd v Densen, 2013 NY Slip Op 02042, 2011-06030, Index No 39107/10, 2nd Dept 3-27-13

 

Categories

Sign Up for the Mailing List to Be Notified When the Site Is Updated.

  • This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.

Copyright © 2026 New York Appellate Digest, Inc.
Site by CurlyHost | Privacy Policy