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IN A MATTER OF FIRST IMPRESSION, THE APPELLATE COURT DETERMINED COUNTY COURT DID NOT CORRECTLY APPLY THE DOMESTIC-VIOLENCE-SURVIVOR’S-ACT CRITERIA IN SENTENCING DEFENDANT FOR THE MURDER OF HER ABUSIVE HUSBAND; SENTENCES SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, in a full-fledged opinion by Justice Rivera, reversed County Court’s application of the Domestic Violence Survivor’s Act (social Services Law 459-a) and significantly reduced the sentences for murder and possession of a weapon. Defendant shot and killed her husband. The jury rejected defendant’s “battered women’s syndrome” defense. But the Second Department found that the criteria for sentence reduction under the DV Survivor’s Act had been met by the evidence:

… [W]e hold that the County Court did not properly apply the DV Survivor’s Act when sentencing the defendant. Upon considering the plain language of the DV Survivor’s Act, the legislative history of the statute, and the particular circumstances of this case, we modify the judgment, on the facts and as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice, by reducing (1) the term of imprisonment imposed on the conviction of murder in the second degree from an indeterminate term of imprisonment of 19 years to life to a determinate term of imprisonment of 7½ years to be followed by 5 years of postrelease supervision, and (2) the term of imprisonment imposed on the conviction of criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree from a determinate term of imprisonment of 15 years to be followed by 5 years of postrelease supervision to a determinate term of imprisonment of 3½ years to be followed by 5 years of postrelease supervision, which terms shall run concurrently with each other. * * *

Upon consideration of the nature and circumstances of the crime, as well as the history, character, and condition of the defendant, we conclude that a sentence in accordance with the DV Survivor’s Act is warranted. The defendant is a 32-year-old mother of two young children, and has no known prior arrests or convictions. The defendant testified that she was repeatedly physically and sexually abused by Grover, as well as by other men in her past, and reportedly was sexually assaulted at the age of five. However, our examination under this factor does not end there. We also consider, among other things, the details of the crimes, including that the defendant shot Grover in the head as he was lying on the couch. Grover’s fatal injury was described as a hard contact wound in which the gun fired by the defendant was pressed against Grover’s skin, leaving a muzzle imprint. People v Addimando, 2021 NY Slip Op 04364, Second Dept 7-15-21

 

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DEFEFNDANT’S STATEMENTS WERE ADMISSIBLE PURSUANT TO THE PUBLIC SAFETY EXCEPTION TO THE MIRANDA REQUIREMENT (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department determined the statements defendant made while handcuffed were admissible because the statements were made in response to questions posed for safety reasons and not to elicit an incriminating response:

County Court also properly denied defendant’s motion to suppress the statement that he made to law enforcement while being patted down. Although defendant was handcuffed, in custody and had not been advised of his Miranda rights when he was asked by Haven whether the handgun that was retrieved from his back pocket was loaded, said inquiry was not made to elicit an incriminating response, but was made for the purpose of alleviating the inherent risk of securing a potentially loaded weapon and protecting the safety of defendant, responding officers and those other individuals present during the execution of the warrant … . Accordingly, [the] question fell squarely within the public safety exception to the Miranda requirement and, therefore, suppression of defendant’s statement was appropriately denied … . People v Rashid, 2021 NY Slip Op 04390, Second Dept 7-15-21

 

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THE OPENING OF A CARTON OF CIGARETTES AS PART OF A SEARCH OF THE CARGO IN PETITIONER’S TRUCK WAS NOT SUPPORTED BY PROBABLE CAUSE; THE TAX TRIBUNAL’S ASSESSMENT OF A $1,259,250 PENALTY FOR POSSESSION OF CIGARETTES WITHOUT TAX STAMPS ANNULLED (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, reversing the Tax Appeals Tribunal, determined the search of petitioner’s truck which led to the discovery of cigarettes with no tax stamp was not supported by probable cause. Therefore the determination that petitioner owed a $1,259, 250 penalty was annulled:

Petitioner is a member of the Seneca Nation of Indians, a Native American tribe recognized by the US Bureau of Indian Affairs. ERW Wholesale is petitioner’s tobacco wholesale business, licensed by the Seneca Nation of Indians operating on the Cattaraugus Reservation. In December 2012, ERW sold 150 cases (9,000 cartons) of Native American brand cigarettes to Oien’Kwa Trading, a Native American-owned business located on the St. Regis Mohawk Reservation. Oien’Kwa Trading immediately sold the cigarettes to Saihwahenteh, a Native American-owned business located on the Ganienkeh territory. Oien’Kwa Trading hired ERW to deliver the cigarettes directly to Saihwahenteh. Sean Snyder, an ERW employee, was employed as the truck driver. * * *

… [T]he validity of a search is subject to a two-prong test — arrest and probable cause — neither of which is satisfied here. As to the first prong, the record reveals that Snyder, the driver and sole occupant of the truck that was searched, was never arrested. With respect to probable cause, the record demonstrates a complete lack thereof. When Snyder was stopped, he was completely cooperative with the trooper and forthrightly explained that he was transporting cigarettes from a Native American reservation to a Native American territory, and he immediately gave the trooper an envelope containing the pertinent documents, namely the registration, invoices and bill of lading. Although the trooper testified that Snyder appeared nervous when he was initially pulled over, this conduct in and of itself is insufficient to justify a search … . Once back at the vehicle inspection checkpoint, Snyder readily exited his vehicle and turned his keys over to the trooper; he was never asked if the cigarettes were stamped. When the trooper employed the bolt cutters and the investigator entered the cargo area, the investigator found that the cargo was exactly as Snyder had told them — cases of cigarettes. The investigator’s search of the cargo area, including opening a case and then a carton, in order to inspect a single pack of cigarettes for a tax stamp was not precipitated by a complaint, tip, investigation or statements from Snyder, any of which might have provided probable cause. On the contrary, the investigator testified that the search proceeded only after he conferred with the trooper who believed that the cigarettes were Native American brand and, as such, were not stamped. The transportation of cigarettes from a Native American reservation to a Native American territory does not, in and of itself, give rise to a reasonable inference of criminality … . Matter of White v State of N.Y. Tax Appeals Trib., 2021 NY Slip Op 04394, Third Dept 7-15-21

 

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THE TRIAL JUDGE SHOULD HAVE PROCEEDED WITH BATSON INQUIRIES FOR THREE BLACK PROSPECTIVE JURORS; BASED ON THE JUDGE’S REMARKS THE MATTER WAS REMITTED FOR A HEARING AND REPORT BEFORE A DIFFERENT JUDGE (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department determined Supreme Court should have conducted a Batson inquiry with respect to the prosecutor’s exercise of peremptory challenges to three black prospective jurors. The appeal was held in abeyance and the matter was sent back for a hearing and report before a different judge. The trial judge’s remarks about the number of black jurors being representative of the community (“this is not the Bronx”) and the fact that three black jurors served were deemed irrelevant:

Contrary to the trial court’s finding that the number of black prospective jurors to actually serve on the jury (three in total) was fairly representative of the community, as represented by the court’s remark that “[t]his is not the Bronx,” such consideration is “irrelevant” to the issue of whether the People’s exercise of peremptory challenges was discriminatory … . Similarly, to the extent the People emphasize that three black prospective jurors served on the jury, that fact does not obviate the defendant’s prima facie showing of discrimination … .

Accordingly, we find that the defendant satisfied the first step of the Batson inquiry with respect to the prosecution’s exercise of peremptory challenges to each of the three black prospective jurors at issue. Thus, the trial court should have proceeded with the second step and, if applicable, the third step with respect to each of the Batson challenges … . People v Brissett, 2021 NY Slip Op 04366, Second Dept 7-15-21

 

INCLUSORY CONCURRENT COUNTS DISMISSED (FOURTH DEPT).

The Fourth Department dismissed course of criminal conduct first degree and rape first degree counts as inclusory concurrent counts of predatory sexual assault against a child:

… [C]ounts two and four of the indictment, charging defendant with course of sexual conduct against a child in the first degree (Penal Law § 130.75 [1] [b]) and rape in the first degree (§ 130.35 [4]), respectively, must be dismissed inasmuch as they are inclusory concurrent counts of counts one and three, respectively, charging defendant with predatory sexual assault against a child (§ 130.96) … . People v Feliciano, 2021 NY Slip Op 04289, Fourth Dept 7-9-21

 

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A SUPPRESSION MOTION CANNOT BE DENIED ON A GROUND NOT RAISED BY THE PEOPLE (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, holding the appeal in abeyance, noted that a suppression motion may not be denied on a ground not raised by the People:

The motion to suppress should not have been denied on a ground not raised by the People. It is unclear to what extent the suppression court considered and credited the People’s argument regarding probable cause or whether the search was outside of the Fourth Amendment’s purview under the circumstances. Accordingly, we hold the appeal in abeyance and remand for determination, based on the hearing minutes, of the issues raised at the hearing, but not decided … . People v Hatchett, 2021 NY Slip Op 04282, First Dept 7-8-21

 

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THE DENIAL OF DEFENDANT’S REQUEST FOR A CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE JURY INSTRUCTION REQUIRED REVERSAL (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, reversing defendant’s conviction, determined County Court should not have denied defendant’s request for a circumstantial evidence jury instruction:

… [T]here was no direct evidence identifying defendant as the shooter or as having possessed a loaded firearm. Indeed, there was no DNA or fingerprint evidence linking defendant to the Colt .45 caliber handgun that was recovered near the scene or the shell casing and projectiles that were found to have been fired from that gun … . Further, the surveillance footage — which only distantly captured the incident — did not depict defendant with a firearm. Nor was it possible to discern from the footage who shot the victim. …

Despite denying defendant’s request for a circumstantial evidence charge, County Court nonetheless gave a modified version of the charge. This modified version, however, was wholly inadequate. Most importantly, the modified version failed to include a critical component of the circumstantial evidence charge — namely, “‘that it must appear that the inference of guilt is the only one that can fairly and reasonably be drawn from the facts, and that the evidence excludes beyond a reasonable doubt every reasonable hypothesis of innocence'” … . Given that County Court improperly denied defendant’s request for a circumstantial evidence charge and that the modified charge was insufficient, “the jury could not have known of its duty to apply the circumstantial evidence standard to the prosecution’s entire case” … . People v Taylor, 2021 NY Slip Op 04258, Third Dept 7-8-21

 

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IN THIS STREET STOP CASE, SOME OF THE POLICE OFFICERS’ TESTIMONY WAS REJECTED AS INCREDIBLE; THE PEOPLE DID NOT DEMONSTRATE THE LEVEL THREE ENCOUNTER WAS JUSTIFIED BY REASONABLE SUSPICION (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, dismissing the indictment, determined the People did not demonstrate the level three encounter with the defendant in the street stop was justified by reasonable suspicion. Some of the police officers’ testimony was rejected as incredible:

Officer Washington’s pursuit of the defendant and her attempt to grab him with her right hand were both level three actions requiring reasonable suspicion … . Setting aside those portions of Officer Washington’s account the Supreme Court properly disregarded as incredible, her testimony indicates that she began chasing and grabbing at the defendant in response to his flight. She did not, however, credibly describe anything more than equivocal circumstances in conjunction with the defendant’s flight, meaning her testimony was insufficient to justify police pursuit … . Officer Montano testified that the defendant dropped the gun before he fled, which in turn could justify Officer Washington’s pursuit … . But he also testified that Officer Washington was “trying to take her shield out as she [was] approaching [the defendant] to try to grab him” before the defendant dropped the gun or started to run. Officer Montano thus observed the defendant drop the gun and flee as a result of Officer Washington’s attempt to grab him before she had the reasonable suspicion necessary to do so. “Since this level three intrusion was not justified, it cannot be validated by the officer’s subsequent observation of the firearm” … . People v Rhames, 2021 NY Slip Op 04242, Second Dept 7-7-21

 

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INDICTMENTS IN TWO COUNTIES RELATED TO THE SAME CONTINUOUS CONDUCT AND THE SAME VICTIM; DEFENDANT’S CONVICTION BY GUILTY PLEA IN NASSAU COUNTY AFTER A GUILTY PLEA IN SUFFOLK COUNTY VIOLATED THE DOUBLE JEOPARDY CLAUSE (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, on double-jeopardy grounds, reversed defendant’s conviction by guilty plea in Nassau County because he had already pled guilty to the same conduct in Suffolk County:

The charges in Suffolk County and Nassau County related to the same alleged victim. The Suffolk County indictment alleged that the defendant committed acts constituting course of sexual conduct against a child in the first degree and course of sexual conduct against a child in the second degree between approximately April 2015 and March 1, 2016, whereas the Nassau County indictment alleged that the defendant committed acts constituting course of sexual conduct against a child in the second degree between approximately March 1, 2016, and September 1, 2016.

As the indictments in both counties, viewed together, alleged a single continuing and uninterrupted offense against the same alleged victim, constitutional double jeopardy principles precluded a second conviction, in Nassau County, after the Suffolk County criminal action terminated in a conviction by plea of guilty … . People v Kattis, 2021 NY Slip Op 04240, Second Dept 7-7-21

 

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THE VAGUE IDENTIFICATION EVIDENCE RENDERED THE CONVICTION AGAINST THE WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing defendant’s conviction, determined the identification evidence was too weak to support a conviction, i.e., the conviction was against the weight of the evidence. Witnesses saw a man toss a bag of drugs over a fence and run away:

Both women saw the man holding what appeared to be a white shopping bag with red circles on it, which he threw over a chain-link fence nearby. The man continued running through the parking lot toward Grand Street.

One of the women described the man she saw as a black man with short, dark hair, wearing a dark baseball cap, a T-shirt, jeans, and sneakers. The man was “a little taller, somewhat taller” than five feet, two inches, but she was not sure. She estimated his weight to be 175 to 185 pounds, but she was not sure. She did not remember if he wore glasses. She could not describe the color of his clothing or give any description of the sneakers he wore. The other woman described the man as a young black male, approximately five feet, seven inches tall, but she could not say for sure, and “guesstimat[ed]” that he may have weighed 170 pounds. She testified that he wore a baseball cap and might have been wearing dark pants and dark sneakers. Neither woman was able to identify the defendant as the man they saw. …

… [N]either of the police witnesses observed the defendant carrying a bag, neither of the bystander witnesses was able to identify the defendant as the man carrying the bag, and no forensic evidence linked the defendant to the bag. … [T]he rational inferences that can be drawn from the trial evidence do not support the convictions beyond a reasonable doubt. Although the vague description provided by the bystander witnesses was not inconsistent with the defendant’s general appearance, we find that such evidence, coupled with nothing more than the defendant’s proximity to the crime scene, is insufficient to establish, beyond a reasonable doubt, the defendant’s identity as the perpetrator … . People v Hawkins, 2021 NY Slip Op 04238, Second Dept 7-7-21

 

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