Administrative Law – Page 7 – New York Appellate Digest

Administrative Law, Landlord-Tenant, Municipal Law

EVEN WHERE, AS HERE, THE REVIEWING COURT WOULD HAVE DECIDED THE MATTER DIFFERENTLY, THE COURT MUST AFFIRM AN ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY’S RULING WHICH HAS A RATIONAL BASIS; THE TWO-JUSTICE DISSENT ARGUED THE PROOF PETITIONER RESIDED WITH HIS BROTHER IN THE MITCHELL-LAMA APARTMENT WAS SUFFICIENT AND PETITIONER WAS ENTITLED TO SUCCESSION RIGHTS (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing Supreme Court, over a two-justice dissent, determined Supreme Court should not have annulled the NYC Department of Housing Preservation and Development’s (HPD) denial of petitioner’s application seeking succession rights to his brother’s Mitchell-Lama apartment. Even where, as here, the court reviewing an administrative agency’s ruling would have decided the matter differently, the ruling must be upheld if there is a rational basis for it:

A careful review of the record shows that HPD had a rational basis to affirm the denial of petitioner’s succession rights. Petitioner failed to meet his burden to produce documents that would establish his primary residence was the New York apartment. He never provided any tax returns or proof that he was not required to file, which is a necessary component of any succession rights application … . Instead, he argued for the first time in his petition that he was not required to file tax returns due to his low income. Petitioner cannot fault HPD for failing to consider an argument that was not raised before it. Matter of Mantilla v New York City Dept. of Hous. Preserv. & Dev., 2024 NY Slip Op 04484, First Dept 9-19-24

Practice Point: An administrative agency’s ruling must be affirmed by the reviewing court if there is a rational basis for it, even when the reviewing court would have decided the matter differently. Here the dissent agreed with Supreme Court and argued petitioner presented sufficient proof that he resided with his brother in a Mitchell-Lama apartment and was therefore entitled to succession rights. The majority, however, upheld the city housing agency’s denial of the petition.

September 19, 2024

Administrative Law, Attorneys, Civil Procedure, Education-School Law, Employment Law, Municipal Law

THE NYC DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION PROPERLY DENIED PETITIONER-TEACHER’S REQUEST FOR AN EXTENSION OF AN EXEMPTION FROM THE COVID VACCINE MANDATE BECAUSE THE MANDATE IS NO LONGER IN EFFECT; SUPREME COURT SHOULD NOT HAVE ISSUED AN ADVISORY OPINION TO THE CONTRARY; THE AWARD OF ATTORNEY’S FEES WAS IMPROPER; THE PETITION DID NOT MEET THE CRITERIA FOR AN EXCEPTION TO THE MOOTNESS DOCTRINE (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the petitioner, at teacher, was not entitled to an extension of an exemption from the COVID vaccine mandate (denied by the NYC Department of Education) and the award of over $24,000 in attorney’s fees. The vaccine mandate is no longer in force, and the matter did not meet the criteria for an exception to the mootness doctrine:

Courts are prohibited from rendering advisory opinions, and a matter will be considered academic unless the rights of the parties will be directly affected by the determination of the matter and the interest of the parties is an immediate consequence of the judgment … . Here, the vaccine mandate, which was never enforced against the petitioner, was repealed on February 9, 2023. Accordingly, the petition is academic … .

Furthermore, the exception to the mootness doctrine, which permits judicial review where the case presents a significant issue that is likely to recur and evade review, is inapplicable here … . The issue is not likely to repeat, as the vaccine mandate has been repealed and the possibility that some form of vaccine mandate might be enforced against the petitioner at some unknown time in the future is entirely speculative, and the petitioner does not raise novel questions … .

Since an award of attorneys’ fees is not authorized by agreement between the parties, by statute, or by court rule, the Supreme Court improperly awarded attorneys’ fees to the petitioner … .. Matter of Ferrera v New York City Dept. of Educ., 2024 NY Slip Op 04317, Second Dept 8-28-24

Practice Point: Because the vaccine mandate for NYC teachers is no longer in force, the petitioner-teacher’s request for an extension of an exemption from the mandate was properly denied by the NYC Department of Education. Supreme Court’s grant of the extension and award of attorney’s fees was improper because courts are prohibited from issuing advisory opinions. In addition, the criteria for an exception to the mootness doctrine were not met.

August 28, 2024

Administrative Law, Civil Procedure, Utilities

PURSUANT TO THE PRIMARY JURISDICTION DOCTRINE, PLAINTIFFS’ COMPLAINTS ABOUT FINES IMPOSED BY DEFENDANT NATURAL-GAS PROVIDER MUST FIRST BE HEARD BY THE PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the “primary jurisdiction” doctrine required that plaintiffs bring their complaint against defendant natural-gas provider before the Public Service Commission:

“The doctrine of primary jurisdiction is intended to co-ordinate the relationship between courts and administrative agencies to the end that divergence of opinion between them not render ineffective the statutes with which both are concerned, and to the extent that the matter before the court is within the agency’s specialized field, to make available to the court in reaching its judgment the agency’s views concerning not only the factual and technical issues involved but also the scope and meaning of the statute administered by the agency” … . “[W]hile concurrent jurisdiction does exist, where there is an administrative agency which has the necessary expertise to dispose of an issue, in the exercise of discretion, resort to a judicial tribunal should be withheld pending resolution of the administrative proceeding” … .

Here, the Public Service Commission has primary jurisdiction over the plaintiff’s claims … . The defendant was permitted to impose a $100 fine on any customer who prevented or hindered Brooklyn Union from inspecting the gas meters and gas lines of a building (see Public Service Law § 65[9][b]). Thus, the plaintiff’s claim that she and other members of the prospective class were improperly charged a fine involves intricate questions of fact, thereby requiring the specialized knowledge and expertise of the Public Service Commission … . Calle v National Grid USA Serv. Co., Inc., 2024 NY Slip Op 04190, Second Dept 8-4-24

Practice Point: Here plaintiffs’ complaint against defendant natural-gas provider raised issues within the expertise of the Public Service Commission. The doctrine of primary jurisdiction required that the Commission, not the court, hear the case first.

August 14, 2024

Administrative Law, Civil Procedure, Employment Law, Negligence, Workers' Compensation

WHETHER THE CHILD VICTIMS ACT (CVA) REVIVES OTHERWISE TIME-BARRED WORKERS’ COMPENSATION CLAIMS AND WHETHER PLAINTIFF’S DAMAGES ARE LIMITED TO WORKERS’ COMPENSATION BENEFITS ARE QUESTIONS OF LAW FOR THE COURT, NOT THE WORKERS’ COMPENSATION BOARD (FOURTH DEPT).

The Fourth Department, reversing (modifying) Supreme Court, held the court, not the Workers’ Compensation Board, must determine whether damages in this Child Victims Act (CVA) sexual-abuse action against the alleged perpetrator’s employer are limited to Workers’ Compensation benefits and whether claims for time-barred Workers’ Compensation benefits are revived by the Child Victims Act (CVA):

” ‘As a general rule, when an employee is injured in the course of . . . employment, [the employee’s] sole remedy against [their] employer lies in [their] entitlement to a recovery under the Workers’ Compensation Law’ ” … . “[T]he issue whether a plaintiff was acting as an employee of a defendant at the time of the injury is a question of fact to be resolved by the Board” … .

“[C]ourts defer to [an] administrative agency where the issue involves knowledge and understanding of underlying operational practices or entails an evaluation of factual data and inferences to be drawn therefrom” … . However, “[w]here . . . the question is one of pure statutory interpretation, [courts] need not accord any deference to [an administrative body’s] determination and can undertake its function of statutory construction” … . As relevant here, although a factual determination with respect to the applicability of the Workers’ Compensation Law should be referred to the Board, which has primary jurisdiction over that issue, questions of law remain within the domain of the court … . Here, whether the CVA revives otherwise time-barred claims for workers’ compensation benefits, based on allegations of sexual abuse by a coworker, and whether plaintiffs are limited to benefits under the Workers’ Compensation Law even if their claims are revived, are questions of law to be decided by the court, not the Board. Thus, we agree with the plaintiffs that Supreme Court erred in granting defendant’s motion, staying the actions pending review by the Board, and holding plaintiffs’ cross-motions to amend their complaints in abeyance pending the Board’s decision. Bates v Gannett Co., Inc., 2024 NY Slip Op 03999, Fourth Dept 7-26-24

Practice Point: This decision deals with the questions of law raised by applying the Workers’ Compensation Law to sexual abuse claims revived by the Child Victims Act (CVA).

July 26, 2024

Administrative Law, Civil Procedure, Environmental Law

PETITIONER, A NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION FOR THE PRESERVATION AND PROTECTION OF THE HEALTH OF THE FINGER LAKES, HAD STANDING TO CONTEST A PERMIT ALLOWING THE DUMPING OF TREATED WASTE IN CAYUGA LAKE; ONE OF PETITIONER’S MEMBER’S DRINKING WATER COMES FROM CAYUGA LAKE (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined petitioner, a nonprofit organization for the preservation and protection of the health of the Finger Lakes, had standing to contest a permit allowing treated waste to be dumped into Cayuga Lake. Standing is conferred if one of petitioner’s members suffers harm greater than that suffered by the general public. Here a member’s drinking water comes from Cayuga Lake:

… [T]he sole issue on this appeal is whether petitioner sufficiently pleaded that at least one of its members would suffer an injury-in-fact that is different from harm suffered by the public at large, such as to confer petitioner with standing. Petitioner alleged in its petition/complaint that its members would be harmed by the leachate produced by County Line [waste treatment facility], which would be treated by the Ithaca treatment facility and then dumped into Cayuga Lake. According to petitioner, the type of solid waste that County Line would handle would create leachate that contains per- or polyfluoroalkyl substances (hereinafter PFAS), a by-product linked to adverse health outcomes and which the Ithaca treatment facility is not capable of completely filtering out of the treated leachate. Because the Ithaca treatment facility dumps treated leachate into Cayuga Lake and is incapable of completely filtering out PFAS, petitioner alleged that if County Line was permitted to operate its facility in accordance with its application, as DEC’s [*3]permit requires, PFAS would enter the lake and cause petitioner’s members harm. In setting forth this harm, petitioner specifically identified a member whose potable drinking water is only filtered through the ground in “beach wells” on Cayuga Lake. As these wells do not filter out PFAS, allowing PFAS to be dumped into the lake would render this member’s water contaminated and unsafe to drink. Matter of Seneca Lake Guardian v New York State Dept. of Envtl. Conservation, 2024 NY Slip Op 03856, Third Dept 7-18-24

Practice Point: Here a nonprofit whose purpose is to preserve and protect the health of the Finger Lakes had standing to contest a permit allowing the dumping of treated waste in Cayuga Lake. One of the member’s drinking water came from Cayuga Lake. Therefore the member suffered an injury greater than that suffered by the general public.

July 18, 2024

Administrative Law, Freedom of Information Law (FOIL)

THE REGULATION WHICH PROVIDES THAT THE TRANSCRIPTS OF PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS BOARD (PERB) HEARINGS ARE THE PROPERTY OF THE STENOGRAPHER CONFLICTS WITH THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE ACT AND THE PUBLIC-ACCESS PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING FOIL (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, reversing (modifying) Supreme Court, determined the Public Employment Relations Board (PERB) regulation (4 NYCRR 208.3 (c)) which provides that PERB hearing transcripts are the property of the stenographer conflicts with the Administrative Procedure Act and the public-access principles underlying FOIL:

“It is established as a general proposition that a regulation cannot be inconsistent with a statutory scheme” … . Here, 4 NYCRR 208.3 (c) is inconsistent with State Administrative Procedure Act § 302 (2), which imposes a duty on the agency to furnish a copy of the transcript to a party upon request.… Moreover, it is inconsistent with the statutory scheme of FOIL, which “imposes a broad standard of open disclosure in order to achieve maximum public access to government documents” … . Courts must construe FOIL liberally, to “require[ ] government agencies to make available for public inspection and copying all records” … . Accordingly, Supreme Court improperly granted PERB’s motion to dismiss and we remit the matter to Supreme Court for PERB to file an answer pursuant to CPLR 7804 (f). Matter of DeWolf v Wirenius, 2024 NY Slip Op 03790,, Second Dept 7-11-24

Practice Point: A regulation cannot be inconsistent with a statutory scheme.

July 11, 2024

Administrative Law, Education-School Law, Religion

THE EDUCATION LAW PROVISIONS AND RELATED REGULATIONS (1) REQUIRING NONPUBLIC SCHOOLS TO PROVIDE EDUCATION EQUIVALENT TO THAT PROVIDED BY PUBLIC SCHOOLS, AND (2) ALLOWING PUBLIC FUNDING TO BE CURTAILED AND REQUIRING STUDENTS TO ATTEND A DIFFERENT SCHOOL IF THE EQUIVALENCY TEST IS NOT MET ARE VALID AND ENFORCEABLE; THERE WAS A DISSENT (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, reversing (modifying) Supreme Court, in a full-fledged opinion by Justice Garry, over a dissent, determined the regulations promulgated by the Commissioner of Education concerning the evaluation of nonpublic schools and the cutting-off of services provided to those schools if they don’t meet the “equivalent-to-public-schools” test are valid and enforceable. The petitioners here are five yeshivas and related organizations:

Petitioners contend that the subject regulation provisions impose a penalty upon nonpublic schools that fail to meet the statute’s educational standard, an argument accepted by the dissent — but “penalty” is not an accurate characterization. First, prior to any negative substantial equivalency determination, nonpublic schools under review are engaged in a lengthy collaborative process, specifically designed to assist them in meeting the basic educational standards set forth within the Education Law (see 8 NYCRR 130.6 [a] [1] [iii]; 130.8 [d] [2]). To be sure, the Commissioner is statutorily authorized to impose civil and criminal penalties against a parent or guardian who fails to fulfill their duty under the compulsory education requirement (see Education Law §§ 3233, 3234), and to withhold certain public moneys from any city or district that “wil[l]fully omits and refuses to enforce” relevant statutory provisions (Education Law § 3234 [1]). The Education Law does not provide for any direct penalty upon nonpublic schools.

… By definition, a nonpublic school that fails to demonstrate substantial equivalency necessarily fails to fulfill the requirements of the compulsory education mandate … . Parents are obligated to comply with this mandate and, as such, the Commissioner’s declaration that a particular institution fails to meet the statutory standards required to meet that duty is no more, or less, than a necessary advisory to parents.

… [T]he loss of status as a substantially equivalent nonpublic school is not equivalent to closure; the institutions … continue to operate and provide some form of instruction. … [T]he Education Law, and the corresponding regulations, do not limit the parents’ opportunity to enroll their children in any extracurricular instruction or activities that they deem appropriate and helpful, and nothing in the regulations prohibits the children from being enrolled in such institutions — the sole limitation is that the statutory mandate must be met … . Matter of Parents for Educ. & Religious Liberty in Schs. v Young, 2024 NY Slip Op 03523, Third Dept 6-27-24

Practice Point: If a nonpublic school does not provide a level of education equivalent to that provided by the public schools, public funding of those schools can be curtailed and students can be required to attend a different school.

June 27, 2024

Administrative Law, Constitutional Law, Public Health Law

THE PUBLIC HEALTH LAW REGULATIONS CONTROLLING HOW NURSING HOMES MUST ALLOCATE THEIR INCOME AND HOW MUCH PROFIT THEY CAN MAKE WERE DEEMED CONSTITUTIONAL TO THE EXTENT THEY WERE RIPE FOR CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, in a comprehensive full-fledged opinion by Justice Mackey too detailed to fairly summarize here, determined the Public Health Law regulations controlling how nursing homes must allocate their income and how much profit they can make are constitutional to the extent they are ripe for constitutional review:

On November 17, 2022, the [Public Health] Commissioner adopted a regulation, 10 NYCRR 415.34, to implement the provisions of Public Health Law § 2828, including the spending mandate and the excess-revenue cap, which applied retroactively to April 1, 2022. The regulation provides:

“By January 1, 2022, residential health care facilities shall comply with the following minimum expenditures:

(1) 70[%] of revenue shall be spent on direct resident care; and

(2) 40[%] of revenue shall be spent on resident-facing staffing.

(i) All amounts spent on resident-facing staffing shall be included as a part of amounts spent on direct resident care;

(ii) 15[%] of costs associated with resident-facing staffing that are contracted out by a facility for services provided by registered professional nurses, licensed practical nurses, or certified nurse aides shall be deducted from the calculation of the amount spent on resident-facing staffing and direct resident care” … .

The regulation further provides for recoupment by the Commissioner of “excessive total operating revenue” where “the facility’s total operating revenue exceeds total operating and non-operating expenses by more than five percent of total operating revenue” … . Grand S. Point, LLC v Bassett, 2024 NY Slip Op 03364, Third Dept 6-20-24

Practice Point: The Public Health Law regulations controlling how nursing homes must allocate their income and how much profit they can make were deemed constitutional or unripe for constitutional review.

June 20, 2024

Administrative Law, Civil Procedure, Environmental Law, Municipal Law

THE NYC DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING PRESERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT TOOK THE “HARD LOOK” REQUIRED BY THE STATE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY REVIEW ACT BEFORE APPROVING THE CONSTRUCTION OF SENIOR HOUSING ON GREEN SPACE (CT APP).

The Court of Appeals, over an extensive dissenting opinion, determined the NYC Department of Housing Preservation and Development (HPD) took the “hard look” required under the State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA) before approving the construction of a seven-story senior housing unit on land previously used by a tenant as a green space/sculpture garden which was open to the public:

This CPLR article 78 proceeding challenges a negative declaration issued by respondent New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development (HPD) relating to development of affordable housing on a lot in the Nolita neighborhood of Manhattan. The property is owned by the City of New York and leased on a month-to-month basis since 1991 to a corporation owned by the late petitioner Allan Reiver … . Beginning in 2005, Reiver used the lot as a green space/sculpture garden accessible through his adjacent art gallery. After the City identified the lot as a potential site for affordable senior housing in 2013, Reiver opened the space to the public directly through a gate on Elizabeth Street. The garden is currently open for a limited number of hours per week and is operated and maintained by volunteers.

* * * The Court’s role is not “to weigh the desirability of any action or choose among alternatives,” but to ensure that “agencies will honor their mandate regarding environmental protection by complying strictly with prescribed procedures and giving reasoned consideration to all pertinent issues revealed in the process” … . In other words, “[w]hile judicial review must be meaningful, the courts may not substitute their judgment for that of the agency” … .

Here, HPD identified appropriate areas of concern, took the necessary “hard look,” and rationally determined that the project would not have a significant adverse impact on the environment. Matter of Elizabeth St. Garden, Inc. v City of New York, 2024 NY Slip Op 03321, Ct App 6-18-24

Practice Point: A court’s role under SEQRA is limited to determining whether the agency took a “hard look” at the adverse environmental effects of a construction project before approving it.

June 18, 2024

Administrative Law, Municipal Law, Zoning

THE RULING OF THE TOWN PLANNING BOARD ENGINEER RE: A PROPOSED INDUSTRIAL PARK MUST BE CHALLENGED BEFORE THE TOWN ZONING BOARD OF APPEALS, NOT SUPREME COURT (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the petitioners’ challenge to a ruling by the town’s planning board engineer must first be brought in front of the town’s zoning board of appeals before a court can hear it:

“It is hornbook law that one who objects to the act of an administrative agency must exhaust available administrative remedies before being permitted to litigate in a court of law” … . “This doctrine . . . reliev[es] the courts of the burden of deciding questions entrusted to an agency, prevent[s] premature judicial interference with the administrators’ efforts to develop[ ] . . . a co-ordinated, consistent and legally enforceable scheme of regulation,” and allows the agency “to prepare a record reflective of its expertise and judgment” … . “Planning boards are without power to interpret the local zoning law, as that power is vested exclusively in local code enforcement officials and the zoning board of appeals” … .

As required by Code of the Town of New Windsor § 300-86(D)(3), the Planning Board Engineer reported to the Planning Board that the proposed site plan met all applicable zoning laws. Since the Town’s Zoning Board of Appeals had the authority to review determinations of administrative officials with respect to local zoning laws … , the petitioners were required to challenge the determination of the Planning Board Engineer before the Zoning Board of Appeals … . Matter of O’Malley v Town of New Windsor Planning Bd., 2024 NY Slip Op 02537, Second Dept 5-8-24

Practice Point: Here the petitioners did not exhaust their administrative remedies before bringing a petition in Supreme Court. The town planning board engineer’s ruling on an application for approval of an industrial park must first be challenged in front of the town zoning board of appeals before an Article 78 petition is an available remedy.

May 8, 2024