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TESTIMONY THAT THE FREQUENCY OF SEXUAL RELATIONS BETWEEN DEFENDANT AND HIS WIFE DROPPED OFF PRECIPITOUSLY AT ABOUT THE TIME THE CHILD ALLEGED THE SEXUAL ABUSE BEGAN SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN ADMITTED BECAUSE IT ALLOWED THE JURY TO SPECULATE ABOUT THE REASON FOR THE DROP-OFF; SEXUAL ASSAULT OF A CHILD AND RAPE CONVICTIONS REVERSED AND NEW TRIAL ORDERED (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, reversing defendant predatory-sexual-assault-against-a-child and rape convictions and ordering a new trial, determined it was error to allow defendant’s wife to testify that the frequency of their sexual relations dropped off precipitously at about the time the child-victim began to be abused. The testimony was erroneously deemed to constitute circumstantial evidence of the abuse:

… [T]he “fact” testified to, the significant reduction in the frequency of the couple’s sexual encounters, is not a fact from which the jury could reasonably infer the existence of a fact material to the charges against defendant, i.e., whether he sexually abused the victim. Rather, it allows the jury to impermissibly speculate that the reason that defendant and the victim’s mother had less frequent sex was because he replaced one sexual partner, the victim’s mother, with another, the victim. Furthermore, “[i]t is axiomatic that evidence bearing on the sexual climate of a household is inadmissible where it does not tend to prove a material element of the crime charged and is introduced simply to demonstrate a predisposition to commit the subject offense” … . Although such testimony may be admitted if it demonstrates the relationship between the parties or completes a sequence of events … , the testimony in this case was not offered to prove a material element of the case, the relationship of the parties, nor was it an integral part of the sequence of events leading to the criminal conduct or delay in the disclosure. The People candidly admitted that the purpose of the testimony was to convince the jury that defendant, who the victim’s mother testified had exhibited a vociferous sexual appetite, suddenly stopped having frequent sex with her and filled the void with the victim. As such, County Court erred in allowing the testimony. People v Hansel, 2021 NY Slip Op 07035, Third Dept 12-16-21

 

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THE ELICITATION OF TESTIMONY FROM A DETECTIVE THAT DEFENDANT INVOKED HIS RIGHT TO COUNSEL AND HIS RIGHT AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION WAS SUBJECT TO A HARMLESS ERROR ANALYSIS AND DID NOT REQUIRE REVERSAL; THE DISSENT ARGUED THE ABSENCE OF A CURATIVE INSTRUCTION RENDERED THE ERROR REVERSIBLE (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department determined the People’s improper elicitation of a detective’s testimony that defendant invoked his right to counsel and his right against self-incrimination was subject to a harmless error analysis and did not require reversal. The dissent disagreed:

A defendant’s invocation of his or her right against self-incrimination and/or his or her right to counsel during a custodial interrogation may not be used against him or her as part of the People’s case-in-chief … .  This is because such evidence “creates a prejudicial inference of consciousness of guilt” … . However, the People’s improper elicitation of the prejudicial evidence does not automatically result in a reversal of the judgment of conviction, even in the absence of a curative instruction or in the face of a deficient curative instruction … . Rather, any such constitutional error is subject to a harmless error analysis … . * * *

From the dissent:

The majority would have this Court engage in a harmless error analysis, whereas I would follow this Court’s articulation in People v Knowles (42 AD3d at 665), rejecting such an analysis if the trial court fails to provide “prompt and emphatic curative instructions that the jury may not draw any adverse inferences from [the] defendant’s request for counsel.” As County Court failed to do so here, defendant’s conviction should be reversed. People v Serrano, 2021 NY Slip Op 07037, Third Dept 12-16-21

 

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PETITIONER ALLEGED HIS ARREST WARRANT WAS BASED UPON FALSE ATTESTATIONS AND SOUGHT TO FILE A LATE NOTICE OF CLAIM ALLEGING FALSE ARREST, FALSE IMPRISONMENT AND MALICIOUS PROSECUTION; THE CITY WAS DEEMED TO HAVE HAD TIMELY NOTICE OF THE ACTION BY VIRTUE OF THE CITY-PERSONNEL’S INVOLVEMENT IN DRAFTING THE WARRANT AND SUBSEQUENT REPORTS; THE REQUEST TO FILE A LATE NOTICE WAS PROPERLY GRANTED (FIRST DEPT). ​

The First Department, over a dissent, determined the petition seeking leave to file a late notice of claim against the respondent City of New York in this false arrest, false imprisonment and malicious prosecution action was properly granted. The main issue was whether the city had timely notice of the claim, and therefore was not prejudiced by the delay. Petitioner alleged the arrest warrant was based upon false information. The First Department noted it was not following its prior 2021 decision:

Respondent’s agents procured the allegedly false warrant upon attestations as to probable cause, executed the allegedly false arrest, and generated the reports pertaining thereto; the prosecutor would have had access to those same records and examined same in connection with preparing its opposition to defendant’s motions and in preparing more generally for trial. Indeed, personnel from the special narcotics prosecutor were present during the arrest. Under these circumstances, “knowledge of the essential facts constituting the claims within the statutory period can be imputed to the City” … . …

Pursuant to investigatory procedures, the officers, agents, assistant district attorneys, and investigators who were involved in petitioner’s arrest, detention, and prosecution were required to contemporaneously record factual details, including those related to any probable cause determination, so that the District Attorney’s Office might properly evaluate the merits of a potential criminal prosecution and draft an accusatory instrument.  …

While the mere existence of a report under certain circumstances might be insufficient to impute actual knowledge, here those reports were generated by those very persons who engaged in execution of the allegedly false arrest warrant and whose conduct forms the basis of petitioner’s suit. To the extent Matter of Singleton v City of New York (198 AD3d 498 [1st Dept 2021]) differs, we decline to follow it. If we are to depart from settled principle, we should do so explicitly and not on the basis of a one-paragraph memorandum opinion that does not cite or discuss the relevant precedent let alone express an intent to overrule it. Matter of Orozco v City of New York, 2021 NY Slip Op 07066, First Dept 12-16-21

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DESPITE DEFENSE COUNSEL’S ADMISSION BEFORE THE MOTION COURT THAT HE DID NOT PROPERLY INVESTIGATE THIS MURDER CASE, DEFENDANT DID NOT DEMONSTRATE THAT COUNSEL WAS INEFFECTIVE OR THAT THE ALLEGED INEFFECTIVENESS MET THE CRITERIA FOR A CONFLICT OF INTEREST (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, in a full-fledged opinion by Justice Moulton, determined defendant did not demonstrate his attorney provided ineffective assistance, despite the attorney’s statements to the trial court acknowledging his failure to timely investigate the case, which led to his request to file a late alibi notice (the request was granted). The defendant told the trial court he did not want to change attorneys. And the trial court appointed a co-counsel. The First Department also rejected the unusual argument that defense counsel’s ineffectiveness constituted a conflict of interest:

… [D]efendant has not shown how defense counsel’s performance deprived him of a fair trial. Defense counsel’s self-proclaimed failures to properly investigate and prepare this murder case for trial are disturbing. Nevertheless, defendant has not shown that counsel’s lapses deprived him of any useful information or negatively impacted his ability to mount a defense. Defendant only speculates that a proper investigation and trial preparation might have yielded something helpful to the defense, but he does not suggest what that exculpatory information might be … . …

Defendant concedes that the conflict here is “not typical” as it is “derived from and centered on [defense counsel’s] ineffectiveness.” … Defendant argues that the conflict occurred when his counsel refused to withdraw from representation for personal reasons, despite conceding that he did not effectively investigate the case and prepare for trial. However, defendant cannot “demonstrate that the conduct of his defense was in fact affected by the operation of the conflict of interest” … . After defense counsel declined to withdraw and defendant noted that he wished to proceed with counsel, the motion court appointed cocounsel to assist the defense … . … [T]he defense was not affected by operation of the conflict because after defense counsel declined to withdraw, defense counsel and cocounsel effectively represented defendant at trial. People v Graham, 2021 NY Slip Op 07068, First Dept 12-16-21

 

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AFTER PLEADING GUILTY IN FULL SATISFACTION OF THE CHARGES IN THE INDICTMENT, A SECOND PLEA TO ANOTHER COUNT OF THE INDICTMENT WAS PRECLUDED (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, vacating defendant’s conviction by guilty plea and dismissing the relevant count, determined initial pleas in full satisfaction of the charges in the indictment precluded a second plea to another count in the indictment:

As the People concede, defendant’s first plea, to one count of third-degree sale of a controlled substance, was in full satisfaction of the entire indictment, so that defendant’s later plea to a second count of that indictment was not permissible … . When the second plea court sought to add a plea to an additional count as part of a renegotiated disposition conditioned on drug treatment, it could only have done so by “reinstatement. . . [of the indictment] which could have been accomplished by permitting the defendant to withdraw his original plea of guilty to [the first count]” … . People v Turane, 2021 NY Slip Op 07071, First Dept 12-16-21

 

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A JUDGMENT DEBTOR CANNOT BRING AN ACTION IN TORT AGAINST THE CREDITOR OR THE MARSHAL ALLEGING DAMAGES STEMMING FROM THE SEIZURE OF PROPERTY TO BE APPLIED TO THE DEBT; THE JUDGMENT DEBTOR’S REMEDIES ARE CONFINED TO THOSE DESCRIBED IN CPLR 5239 AND 5240 (CT APP).

The Court of Appeals, in a full-fledged opinion by Judge Garcia, over a two-judge dissent, and an additional single-judge dissent, determined a judgment debtor cannot bring a action in tort against the creditor or the marshal stemming from the seizure of the judgment debtor’s property. Any such claim must be made pursuant to CPLR 5239, 5240:

“[G]eneral provisions that permit ‘any interested person’—including a judgment debtor—to secure remedies for wrongs arising under the statutory scheme” are set out in CPLR 5239 and 5240 … . CPLR 5239 provides that “[p]rior to the application of property or debt by a sheriff or receiver to the satisfaction of a judgment, any interested person may commence a special proceeding against the judgment creditor or other person with whom a dispute exists to determine rights in the property or debt.” In such a proceeding, “[t]he court may vacate the execution or order, void the levy, direct the disposition of the property or debt, or direct that damages be awarded” … . Section 5240 in turn lays out the court’s power to, “at any time, on its own initiative or the motion of any interested person, and upon such notice as it may require, make an order denying, limiting, conditioning, regulating, extending or modifying the use of any enforcement procedure.” … CPLR 5240 grants the courts broad discretionary power to control and regulate the enforcement of a money judgment under article 52 to prevent ‘unreasonable annoyance, expense, embarrassment, disadvantage, or other prejudice to any person or the courts'” … . … CPLR 5240 provides courts with the ability to craft flexible and equitable responses to claims that arise with respect to enforcement of valid money judgments. Plymouth Venture Partners, II, L.P. v GTR Source, LLC, 2021 NY Slip Op 07055, CtApp 12-16-21

 

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CASE 1: THE ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF SIGNATURES ON A NUPTIAL AGREEMENT MUST BE CONTEMPORANEOUS, BUT NOT NECESSARILY SIMULTANEOUS, WITH THE SIGNING; HERE A SEVEN-YEAR DELAY WAS TOO LONG; CASE 2: A DEFECT IN THE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, HERE THE LAWYERS’ FAILURE TO STATE THE SIGNERS WERE PERSONALLY KNOWN TO THEM, DID NOT INVALIDATE THE AGREEEMENT (CT APP).

The Court of Appeals, in a full-fledged opinion by Judge Rivera, determined: (1) Pursuant to Domestic Relations Law (DRL) 236 (B) (3), the acknowledgment of signatures on a nuptial agreement must be contemporaneous, but not necessarily simultaneous, with the signing: and (2) if the signing is contemporaneous, but the acknowledgment is defective, the nuptial agreement remains enforceable. Here, in the Anderson case, the husband’s signature was not acknowledged until seven years after the signing (shortly before filing for divorce). In that circumstance the agreement would have to be reaffirmed to be enforceable. In the Koegel case, the lawyers’ acknowledgments failed indicate the undisputed fact that the signers were personally known to them. The defect in the acknowledgments did not affect the validity of the agreement and there was no need for reaffirmation:

[Re: Anderson:] A document that depends on an untimely acknowledgment is the legal and functional equivalent of an unacknowledged document. However, in a case involving such a document, the parties are not without a remedy. When there is an excessive delay rendering an acknowledgment ineffective and the agreement therefore unenforceable, the parties are free to reaffirm their agreement, again based on the information available to them at that time. To comply with DRL § 236 (B) (3), reaffirmation would require that both parties must again sign and acknowledge the agreement. The rule thus places the parties on a fair and equal footing in deciding whether to be bound by the agreement—either initially or at some future date if the agreement is unenforceable because of the delay. * * *

[Re: Koegel:] We … hold that the defect … presented in this appeal may be overcome with adequate evidence that the statutory requirements were met, even if the acknowledgment is not properly documented in the first instance. This limited remedy avoids invalidating a nuptial agreement when the parties have done all that the DRL requires of them. In other words, the signature and acknowledgment may satisfy the statutory mandates if extrinsic evidence supports “that the acknowledgment was properly made in the first instance” even if the certificate fails to “include the proper language” due to the notary’s or other official’s error … . Anderson v Anderson, 2021 NY Slip Op 07058, CtApp 12-16-21

 

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THE SEX TRAFFICKING STATUTE HAS TWO LINKED BUT DISTINCT ELEMENTS WHICH WERE PROPERLY EXPLAINED TO THE JURY IN THE INITIAL JURY INSTRUCTIONS; HOWEVER THE SUPPLEMENTAL INSTRUCTION IN RESPONSE TO A JURY NOTE ERRONEOUSLY COLLAPSED THE STATUTE TO A SINGLE ELEMENT; NEW TRIAL ORDERED ON THE SEX TRAFFICKING COUNTS (CT APP).

The Court of Appeals, in a brief memorandum, vacating the sex trafficking convictions and ordering a new trial, over two lengthy concurrences and a dissent, determined the supplemental jury instruction failed to explain to the jury that the sex trafficking statute has two linked but distinct elements which must be proven to convict. The positions taken by the concurrences differ and are too nuanced to fairly summarize here:

The sex trafficking statute is comprised of two distinct but linked elements, namely the offender must advance or profit from prostitution by one of the enumerated coercive acts (see Penal Law § 230.34). The trial court’s supplemental instruction, in response to a jury note, erroneously severed the required link between those elements. Accordingly, defendant’s sex trafficking convictions should be vacated, and a new trial held on those counts … . * * *

From Judge Singas’s Concurrence:

Collapsing sex trafficking into a single-element crime would cast too small a net, unjustifiably limiting the jurisdiction of this State to prosecute only those cases where the entire crime occurred in New York. Just as significantly, treating the statute’s two elements as unlinked could unjustifiably authorize prosecution of crimes in New York for extraterritorial conduct having no impact on the public safety of the state. Accordingly, we would hold that the sex trafficking statute is comprised of two discrete yet connected elements, to wit, the offender must advance or profit from prostitution through coercive acts taken in furtherance of his or her prostitution enterprise. People v Lamb, 2021 NY Slip Op 07057, CtApp 12-16-21

 

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THIS ACTION INVOLVED THE NAZIS’ CONFISCATION OF A DEGAS PAINTING OWNED BY A GERMAN CITIZEN WHO SUBSEQUENTLY MOVED TO SWITZERLAND AND THEN FRANCE; SUPREME COURT DID NOT ABUSE ITS DISCRETION IN DISMISSING THE ACTION ON FORUM NON CONVENIENS GROUNDS (CT APP).

The Court of Appeals, in a full-fledged opinion by Judge Cannataro, over a dissent, determined the action involving a Degas painting confiscated by the Nazis from a German citizen, who then moved to Switzerland and France, was properly dismissed on forum non coveniens grounds. The dismissal presented a matter requiring the exercise of discretion by Supreme Court, which was not abused:

CPLR 327 (a) provides that “[w]hen the court finds that in the interest of substantial justice the action should be heard in another forum, the court, on the motion of any party, may stay or dismiss the action in whole or in part on any conditions that may be just.” Generally, “a decision to grant or deny a motion to dismiss on forum non conveniens grounds is addressed to a court’s discretion” … and, if the courts below considered the various relevant factors in making such a determination, “there has been no abuse of discretion reviewable by this [C]ourt,” even if we would have weighed those factors differently … . * * *

… [T]he record reflects that the courts below painstakingly considered the relevant factors, including the public policies at issue, and determined that the balance of factors militated in favor of dismissal … . Thus, plaintiffs’ argument that this is one of the “relatively uncommon” cases in which forum non conveniens can be resolved, and denied, as a matter of law ultimately fails … . Inasmuch as the courts below considered the various relevant factors, “there has been no abuse of discretion reviewable by this [C]ourt” … . Estate of Kainer v UBS AG, 2021 NY Slip Op 07056, CtApp 12-16-21

 

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DEFENDANT ALLEGED ITS PRINCIPAL PLACE OF BUSINESS WAS IN NASSAU COUNTY BUT NEVER AMENDED ITS CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION WHICH DESIGNATED ITS PRINCIPAL PLACE OF BUSINESS AS QUEENS COUNTY; DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO CHANGE THE VENUE OF THIS SLIP AND FALL CASE FROM QUEENS TO NASSAU COUNTY SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN GRANTED (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined defendant in this slip and fall case (Valley Park) did not present sufficient evidence to support a change of venue from Queens County to Nassau County:

“To effect a change of venue pursuant to CPLR 510(1), a defendant must show that the plaintiff’s choice of venue is improper and that its choice of venue is proper” … . To succeed on its motion, Valley Park was obligated to demonstrate that, on the date that this action was commenced, none of the parties resided in Queens County … . Only if Valley Park made such a showing was the plaintiff required to establish, in opposition, via documentary evidence, that the venue she selected was proper … .

… Although Valley Park claimed that its principal office was in Nassau County and that it no longer maintained its principal office in Queens County, it failed to prove that its certificate of incorporation had been amended to designate a county other than Queens … . The plaintiff’s submission, in opposition, of a certified copy of Valley Park’s certificate of incorporation, which stated that Valley Park’s principal office was located in Queens County, further underscored that her choice of venue was proper. Green v Duga, 2021 NY Slip Op 06990, Second Dept 12-15-21

 

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