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DESPITE THE FACT THAT PLAINTIFF COULD NOT SAY WHICH OF TWO CRACKS IN THE PAVEMENT CAUSED HIS FALL, THE CAUSE OF THE FALL WAS SUFFICIENTLY IDENTIFIED TO WITHSTAND SUMMARY JUDGMENT (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined defendant’s motion for summary judgment in this slip and fall case should not have been granted on the ground plaintiff could not identify the cause of his fall. Plaintiff alleged that one of two cracks in the pavement caused the fall:

Plaintiff testified that, on the day of the incident, the weather was clear and there was no snow or debris on the surface of the parking lot. He had parked his car in the parking lot and was approaching the front door of the store when his foot suddenly “hit something along the pavement and . . . stopped,” causing him to fall to the ground. An individual who was walking behind plaintiff came to his aid, helping plaintiff up off the ground and assisting him back to his vehicle. At the time of his fall, plaintiff did not look at the ground to determine the cause. However, he recalled that, after being helped back to his vehicle, he looked back and noticed a cracked area of the pavement where he had fallen. Plaintiff was shown photographs of the parking lot and identified the location of his fall by circling in one of the photographs an uneven area of the pavement with two cracks in close proximity to one another. Upon further questioning, plaintiff was unable to identify which of the two cracks caused the fall, but repeatedly testified that he knew it was one of those two cracks based upon where he landed when he fell.

… Although plaintiff’s statements were not without some inconsistencies, he was steadfast in his testimony that he tripped on one of the two identified cracks in the pavement of the parking lot. Despite Supreme Court’s suggestion to the contrary, plaintiff was not required to state for certain which particular crack caused him to fall in order to withstand summary judgment … . Bovee v Posniewski Enters., Inc., 2022 NY Slip Op 03561, Third Dept 6-2-22

Practice Point: Plaintiff was able to testify that one of two cracks in the pavement was the cause of his fall. The cause was sufficiently identified to withstand summary judgment.​

 

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IN THIS Y-INTERSECTION TRAFFIC ACCIDENT CASE, (1) THE TOWN DEMONSTRATED IT DID NOT HAVE THE REQUIRED WRITTEN NOTICE THAT OVERGROWN FOLIAGE BLOCKED LINES OF SIGHT; (2) QUESTIONS OF FACT PRECLUDED SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON THE CAUSES OF ACTION ALLEGING INADQUATE SIGNAGE AND NEGLIGENT ROADWAY DESIGN (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, reversing (modifying) Supreme Court in this Y-intersection traffic accident case, determined:(1) the cause of action against the town alleging overgrown foliage blocked drivers’ line of sight should have been dismissed because the town demonstrated it did not have written notice of the condition; (2) the written-notice requirement does not apply to the causes of action alleging inadequate signage and negligent design, which properly survived summary judgment:

By its submission of the affidavits of its Town Clerk and Superintendent of Highways who both averred that, after review of the pertinent records, no written notice was received pertaining to any alleged defective or dangerous condition caused by or from overgrown trees … , the Town successfully shifted the burden to plaintiffs to establish an issue of fact as to prior written notice, which plaintiffs failed to do … .

As to plaintiffs’ claims pertaining to inadequate signage and negligent design of the intersection, we agree that prior written notice requirements do not apply to these alleged defects … . * * *

… [T]he record demonstrates that, at the very least, at some point in the modern era the roads were paved and signage was installed. The Town has provided no proof as to when or how often these activities have been undertaken or that they were completed in compliance with the standards in place at the time … .

We further agree that Supreme Court properly rejected the Town’s contention that plaintiffs’ allegations of negligence by the Town were negated by [the drivers’] familiarity with the intersection. …  … [I]t cannot be said that this Y intersection was reasonably safe as a matter of law, nor did the Town conclusively demonstrate that placing the stop sign in a different location would have resulted in the same conduct by [the drivers]. … [T]riable issues of fact exist as to whether the signage at the intersection was a proximate cause of the accident … . Read v Bell, 2022 NY Slip Op 03563, Third Dept 6-2-22

Practice Point: In a traffic accident case, a municipality will not be liable for overgrown foliage which blocks lines of sight if the town has not been provided with written notice of the condition. The written-notice requirement does not apply to causes of action alleging the accident was caused by inadequate signage or negligent roadway design.

 

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PLAINTIFF, A TEXAS RESIDENT WHO WAS A FLIGHT ATTENDANT FOR 30 YEARS WITH MONTHLY STAY-OVERS IN NEW YORK, DEMONSTRATED NEW YORK HAD LONG-ARM JURISDICTION OVER THE NEW JERSEY COMPANY WHICH MANUFACTURED AND DISTRIBUTED TALCUM POWDER PLAINTIFF USED; THE TALCUM POWDER ALLEGEDLY CAUSED PLAINTIFF’S MESOTHELIOMA (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department determined New York had specific long-arm jurisdiction of defendant Shulton, the manufacturer and distributor of talcum powder alleged to have cause plaintiff’s peritoneal mesothelioma. Plaintiff (English) was a flight attendant for 30 years who used the talcum powder when she stayed in New York. Shulton has its principal place of business in New Jersey but has an office in New York and markets the product in New York:

English, a Texas resident, was employed as a flight attendant for 33 years, from 1966 to 1999. During a substantial part of that time, she used Desert Flower on a daily basis after showering. From 1966 to 1984, English was regularly assigned to flights into New York and flew into this state two to four times a month. She usually remained in New York on two- or three-day layovers. When English travelled, she packed Desert Flower in her luggage, so she would have it available for use when she showered. There is no claim that the Desert Flower English used in New York was purchased in New York.

Shulton is incorporated in New Jersey, where it had its principal place of business during the time that English claims to have used Desert Flower. Shulton never manufactured Desert Flower in New York, and in the mid-1970s the manufacture of its talc products shifted from Tennessee to New Jersey. Desert Flower was marketed nationally, including in New York. During the relevant period of time, Shulton maintained a New York office from which it conducted its marketing activities for its Cosmetics and Toiletries Division. The New York office was also headquarters for its International Division. * * * Shulton’s maintenance of its own New York office satisfies the first prong under CPLR 302(a)(1). * * * Desert Flower was marketed and sold nationally, and English used Desert Flower when she travelled to and while she stayed in New York. Shulton’s activities and contacts with New York and the allegedly hazardous talcum powder used by English are sufficient to support an assertion of specific jurisdiction over Shulton…. . English v Avon Prods., Inc., 2022 NY Slip Op 03571, First Dept 6-2-22

Practice Point: Even though plaintiff was a Texas resident and the company she was suing was based in New Jersey, she was able to sue using New York courts. Plaintiff was a flight attendant for 30 years with monthly stay-overs in New York. Defendant had an office in New York and marketed the talcum powder which allegedly cause plaintiff’s mesothelioma nationwide.

 

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HARVEY WEINSTEIN’S CRIMINAL SEXUAL ACT AND RAPE CONVICTIONS AFFIRMED (FIRST DEPT).

The Frist Department, affirming Harvey Weinstein’s criminal sexual act and rape convictions, in a full-fledged opinion by Justice Mazzarelli, determined the expert testimony about rape trauma was admissible, the Molineux evidence was properly admitted on the issue of intent, and the Sandoval ruling was proper. The opinion is fact-specific and much too detailed to fully summarize here:

… [W]e find that the trial court properly permitted Dr. Ziv to testify. … [D]efendant has presented us with no authority suggesting that rape trauma syndrome has been discredited as a scientific phenomenon … . And because the syndrome is shrouded by certain rape “myths,” we can think of no more appropriate area where a jury requires the elucidation that can be facilitated by an expert witness. In other words, where there was a risk that the jury would be “puzzled” by some of the behaviors of the complainants during and after their sexual encounters with defendant, it was appropriate to admit “evidence of psychological syndromes” that would eliminate that confusion … . After all, defendant made clear that his defense would be based on those behaviors, which he would argue to the jury were inconsistent with how a victim of sexual assault would behave. * * *

From the People’s perspective, there was a significant risk that the jury would have concluded that defendant did not intend to compel the women to have sex with him. By introducing the Molineux evidence, the People were able to counter defendant’s narrative, by showing that the offenses against Haley and Mann were simply more elaborate manifestations of his practice of baiting women with opportunities for career advancement, and then taking advantage, all the while being completely uninterested in whether the women welcomed his advances, and being determined to go forward whether or not they did. Of course, the People could have attempted to prove defendant’s guilt merely by relying on the testimony of Haley, Mann and Sciorra, but that is an insufficient reason to preclude Molineux evidence … . * * *

The amount of Sandoval material is unquestionably large, and, at first blush, perhaps appears to be troublingly so. Nevertheless, in considering the propriety of whether to admit Sandoval material, and how much, the Court of Appeals has plainly stated that “the determination rests largely within the reviewable discretion of the trial court, to be exercised in light of the facts and circumstances of the particular case before it” (People v Hayes, 97 NY2d 203, 208 [2002]). While we acknowledge the sheer size of the impeachment material that the court allowed, we have analyzed that decision within the larger context of all of the circumstances presented by this case, and have concluded that the court providently exercised its discretion…. . People v Weinstein, 2022 NY Slip Op 03576, First Dept 6-2-22

Practice Point: The First Department found that the expert testimony about rape trauma syndrome, the extensive Molineux evidence, and the extensive Sandoval evidence were properly admitted in the Harvey Weinstein trial.

 

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THE WORKERS’ COMPENSATION BOARD MISINTERPRETED SPECIAL CONSIDERATION 4 TO LIMIT SCHEDULE LOSS OF USE (SLU) OF PLAINTIFF’S LEG TO 10% (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, reversing the Workers’ Compensation Board, determined “special consideration 4” of the Workers’ Compensation Guidelines for Determining Impairment was not properly interpreted, resulting in a schedule loss of use (SLU) for claimant’s leg that is inappropriately low (10%):

Claimant argues that the Board’s interpretation of special consideration 4 and the instructions regarding its application is irrational and runs afoul of the purpose of Workers’ Compensation Law § 15 (3). We agree. “SLU awards are not given for particular injuries, but they are made to compensate an injured worker for his or her loss of earning power or capacity that is presumed to result, as a matter of law, from the residual permanent physical and functional impairments to statutorily-enumerated body members”  … . * * *

Relying on the plain language of the 2018 guidelines, the Board reads special consideration 4 as making no provision for additional values due to flexion or extension deficits, reasoning that the enumerated SLU range already takes into account range of motion deficits…. . …

Although special consideration 4 may arguably be said to rationally limit an SLU value when it is based upon only a finding of chondromalacia patella, the Board’s interpretation of the foregoing instructions results in the obvious inequity identified by claimant and cannot be upheld. To accept the Board’s interpretation would be to sanction an application of the 2018 guidelines that results in claimants with only meniscus tears routinely receiving SLU awards far greater than 7½ to 10% based upon their range of motion deficits … . Matter of Blue v New York State Off. of Children & Family Servs., 2022 NY Slip Op 03565, Third Dept 6-2-22

Practice Point: In determining the schedule loss of use (SLU) for claimant’s leg, the Workers’ Compensation Board misinterpreted “special consideration 4” resulting in an inappropriately low SLE percentage.

 

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THE EDUCATION LAW PERMITS, BUT DOES NOT REQUIRE, SCHOOL DISTRICTS TO PROVIDE TRANSPORTATION TO STUDENTS ATTENDING NONPUBLIC SCHOOLS WHEN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS ARE NOT IN SESSION (THIRD DEPT). ​

The Third Department, reversing Supreme Court, in a full-fledged opinion by Justice Ceresia, determined that Education Law 3635 should not be interpreted to require school districts to provide transportation to nonpublic schools when public schools are not in session:

As is relevant here, Education Law § 3635 (1) (a) states that “[s]ufficient transportation facilities . . . shall be provided by the school district for all the children residing within the school district to and from the school they legally attend, who are in need of such transportation because of the remoteness of the school to the child or for the promotion of the best interest of such children.” * * *

We reject Supreme Court’s broad view of the statute not only because it runs afoul of the legislative history, but also because it would lead to unreasonable results … . To be sure, the Legislature could not have intended to require school districts to transport nonpublic school students in the summer, on weekends, on state or federal holidays, or on days when public schools are closed for weather-related or other emergency reasons, none of which would be foreclosed by Supreme Court’s interpretation. … [W]e hold that Education Law § 3635 (1) (a) permits, but does not require, school districts outside New York City to transport nonpublic school students to and from school on days when the public schools are closed. Matter of United Jewish Community of Blooming Grove, Inc. v Washingtonville Cent. Sch. Dist., 2022 NY Slip Op 03566, Third Dept 6-2-22

Practice Point: Here the legislative history of Education Law 3635 was consulted to determine that school districts are permitted, but not required, to provide transportation to nonpublic-school students went the public schools are not in session.

 

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PLAINTIFF FELT HIS ARM SNAP WHEN ATTEMPTING TO LIFT A 400 POUND ELEVATOR PLATFORM FOUR OR FIVE INCHES TO PLACE A PALLET JACK UNDER IT; PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON HIS LABOR LAW 240(1) CAUSE OF ACTION SHOULD HAVE BEEN GRANTED (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment in this Labor Law 240(1) action should have been granted. The pallet jack, which was deemed a safety device, wasn’t long enough to fully lift the 400 pound elevator platform. Plaintiff was lifting the end of the platform which was not supported by the pallet jack (in order to place another pallet jack under it) when he felt his arm snap:

Plaintiff … was injured as he was attempting to move a 400-pound elevator platform from the front of a flatbed truck to the tailgate. The platform, which was about seven feet long, rested on a pallet jack that was too small to allow the platform to rest properly on it, causing the platform to dip and touch the flatbed. As plaintiff lifted the platform about four or five inches off the pallet jack in order to place a second pallet underneath to facilitate moving the platform, he felt a snap in his left arm.

The pallet jack was a safety device that was insufficient to allow plaintiff to move the platform from the front of the flatbed truck to the tailgate. In view of the weight of the platform and the amount of force it was able to generate, even in falling a relatively short distance, plaintiff’s injury resulted from a failure to provide adequate protection, required by Labor Law § 240(1), against a risk arising from a significant elevation differential … . Schoendorf v 589 Fifth TIC I LLC, 2022 NY Slip Op 03580, First Dept 6-2-22

Practice Point: Even a height-differential of four or five inches can support a Labor Law 240(1) cause of action. Here plaintiff was attempting to lift a 400 pound elevator platform a few inches in order to place a pallet jack under it when he injured his arm.

 

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THIS JUVENILE DELINQUENCY PROCEEDING STEMMED FROM ALLEGATIONS RESPONDENT COMMITTED VIOLENT ACTS AGAINST THE MOTHER OF HIS CHILD; THE PROCEEDING SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN DISMISSED “IN FURTHERANCE OF JUSTICE;” CRITERIA EXPLAINED (THIRD DEPT). ​

The Third Department, reversing Family Court, determined this juvenile delinquency proceeding should not have been dismissed “in furtherance of justice.” The respondent was charged with acts of violence against the mother of his child:

Dismissal in the furtherance of justice is an extraordinary remedy that must be employed “sparingly, that is, only in those rare cases where there is a compelling factor which clearly demonstrates that prosecution . . . would be an injustice” … . In determining such a motion, the statutory factors which must be considered, individually and collectively, are as follows: “(a) the seriousness and circumstances of the crime; (b) the extent of harm caused by the crime; (c) any exceptionally serious misconduct of law enforcement personnel in the investigation and arrest of the respondent or in the presentment of the petition; (d) the history, character and condition of the respondent; (e) the needs and best interest of the respondent; (f) the need for protection of the community; and (g) any other relevant fact indicating that a finding would serve no useful purpose” … . “At least one of these factors must be readily identifiable and sufficiently compelling to support the dismissal” …

According to the sworn statement of the victim — the mother of respondent’s child — respondent became verbally abusive toward her when she got pregnant, and physically abusive after their child was born, including pinching, punching and slapping her, once when she was holding the child. On the date in question, respondent threw a full, eight-ounce baby bottle at the victim, which hit her in the face, when she asked him to feed the child, who was crying. The victim stated that, although she was bleeding heavily, respondent and his father discouraged her from seeking medical attention. When she eventually did go to the hospital the next day, a cut on her face was glued shut by a doctor and she was told to return for X rays after the swelling had abated. The victim indicated that she felt unsafe living with the child in the home of respondent and his father. Matter of James JJ., 2022 NY Slip Op 03555, Third Dept 6-2-22

Practice Point: The allegations of violence in this juvenile delinquency proceeding were deemed too serious to warrant dismissal of the juvenile delinquency proceeding “in furtherance of justice.” This remedy should be used sparingly and at least one of the statutory factors for dismissal in furtherance of justice must be readily identifiable.

 

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DEFENDANT’S PLEA COLLOQUY NEGATED AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT (JURAT) OF HIS PERJURY CONVICTIONS; PLEA VACATED (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, vacating the plea to perjury, determined defendant’s plea colloquy negated an essential element of the crime:

… [W]e conclude that defendant is entitled to challenge the plea because he made statements during the colloquy that negated an essential element of the crime … . “A person is guilty of perjury in the third degree when he [or she] swears falsely” … . “A person ‘swears falsely’ when he [or she] intentionally makes a false statement which he [or she] does not believe to be true . . . under oath in a subscribed written instrument” … . An “‘[o]ath’ includes an affirmation and every other mode authorized by law of attesting to the truth of that which is stated” … . The document in question was captioned as an “Affidavit of Financial Information.” The preamble begins with the representation that defendant, “being duly sworn, deposes and says the following under penalty of perjury.” The following statement is included above defendant’s signature: “I have carefully read the foregoing statements contained in this Affidavit of Financial Information. They are true and correct.” The document includes defendant’s signature and a jurat completed by defendant’s attorney in July 2017 … . The same is true for the amended affidavit signed in August 2017.

During the plea allocution, defendant explained that he received the affidavit from his attorney by e-mail “and then [he] filled it out on e-mail as well and sent it right back to him.” No statement was made that the attorney actually administered an oath to defendant before he signed the affidavits. Given defendant’s limited explanation of the affidavit sequence, County Court was obligated to further inquire as to the oath element before accepting the plea … . People v Marone, 2022 NY Slip Op 03543, Third Dept 6-2-22

Practice Point: Here the defendant’s plea colloquy negated an essential element of the crime. The judge should have inquired further before accepting the plea. Plea vacated.

 

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THE JUDGE’S LAW CLERK WAS THE DISTRICT ATTORNEY WHO PROSECUTED DEFENDANT; THE JUDGE SHOULD NOT HAVE DECIDED DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO VACATE HIS CONVICTION (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, reversing County Court, determined defendant’s motion to vacate his conviction should not have been considered by the judge whose law clerk was the District Attorney at the time of defendant’s conviction:

As one of the grounds raised in his CPL article 440 motion, defendant argued that he was deprived of his right to appear before the grand jury due to the actions of the District Attorney. The parties do not dispute that, at the time that defendant’s CPL article 440 motion was decided, the judge’s law clerk was the former District Attorney who had prosecuted defendant. That said, defendant contends that the judge should have recused himself from deciding defendant’s motion. We agree. “Not only must judges actually be neutral, they must appear so as well” … . In view of the law clerk’s direct involvement in defendant’s case during her tenure as the District Attorney and the allegations made in the CPL article 440 motion about her conduct while she was prosecuting him, as well as taking into account the need to maintain the appearance of impartiality, it was an improvident exercise of discretion for the judge to decide defendant’s motion … . People v Roshia, 2022 NY Slip Op 03546, Third Dept 6-2-22

Practice Point: The judge should not have decided defendant’s motion to vacate his conviction because the judge’s law clerk was the DA who prosecuted defendant.

 

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