You are here: / FAILURE TO PAY SUPPORT IS PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE OF A WILLFUL VIOLATION OF...

Search Results

/ ,

FAILURE TO PAY SUPPORT IS PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE OF A WILLFUL VIOLATION OF A SUPPORT ORDER, FAMILY COURT REVERSED.

The Second Department, reversing Family Court, determined Family Court should have granted mother’s objection to the support magistrate’s finding father did not willfully violate the support order. Proof that support payments were not made is prima facie proof of a willful violation requiring father to come forward with an explanation. Father offered no explanation:

Here, the father’s failure to satisfy his child support obligations constituted prima facie evidence of a willful violation … . This showing shifted the burden to the father to come forward with competent, credible evidence that his failure to pay support in accordance with the terms of the support order was not willful … . The father failed to satisfy this burden. There was no evidence that the father was financially unable to meet his child support obligations. Accordingly, the Family Court should have granted the mother’s objection to so much of the Support Magistrate’s order as determined that the father did not willfully violate the support order. Since the father’s violation of the support order was willful, the court was required to award an attorney’s fee to the mother … . Matter of Torres v Moran, 2016 NY Slip Op 06506, 2nd Dept 10-5-16

FAMILY LAW (FAILURE TO PAY SUPPORT IS PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE OF A WILLFUL VIOLATION OF A SUPPORT ORDER, FAMILY COURT REVERSED)/EVIDENCE (FAMILY LAW, FAILURE TO PAY SUPPORT IS PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE OF A WILLFUL VIOLATION OF A SUPPORT ORDER, FAMILY COURT REVERSED)/CHILD SUPPORT (FAILURE TO PAY SUPPORT IS PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE OF A WILLFUL VIOLATION OF A SUPPORT ORDER, FAMILY COURT REVERSED)

/ ,

EVIDENCE OF EXCESSIVE CORPORAL PUNISHMENT AND VIOLENCE AGAINST MOTHER IN THE CHILDREN’S PRESENCE WARRANTED A NEGLECT FINDING, DISMISSAL OF PETITIONS REVERSED.

The Second Department, reversing Family Court, determined the out-of-court statements of the child (Tahjane) were sufficiently corroborated, and the proof of excessive corporal punishment and a history of violence against mother in the children’s presence supported a finding of neglect by father:

Contrary to the Family Court’s determination, the mother’s testimony and medical records provided sufficient corroboration to support the reliability of Tahjane’s out-of-court statements that the father choked her and, together with the petitioner’s progress notes, established the allegation, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the father inflicted excessive corporal punishment on Tahjane … . Further, the court should have drawn a negative inference from the father’s failure to testify … . Accordingly, the petitioner established, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the father neglected Tahjane by inflicting excessive corporal punishment on her.

The petitioner also established, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the father neglected all of the subject children by perpetrating acts of domestic violence against the mother in their presence. Although “exposing a child to domestic violence is not presumptively neglectful” … , a finding of neglect based on an incident or incidents of domestic violence is proper where a preponderance of the evidence establishes that the child was actually or imminently harmed by reason of the parent or caretaker’s failure to exercise a minimum degree of care … . Matter of Nah-Ki B. (Nakia B.), 2016 NY Slip Op 06492, 2nd Dept 10-5-16

FAMILY LAW (EVIDENCE OF EXCESSIVE CORPORAL PUNISHMENT AND VIOLENCE AGAINST MOTHER IN THE CHILDREN’S PRESENCE WARRANTED A NEGLECT FINDING, DISMISSAL OF PETITIONS REVERSED)/EVIDENCE (FAMILY LAW, EVIDENCE, INCLUDING OUT OF COURT STATEMENTS BY A CHILD, OF EXCESSIVE CORPORAL PUNISHMENT AND VIOLENCE AGAINST MOTHER IN THE CHILDREN’S PRESENCE WARRANTED A NEGLECT FINDING, DISMISSAL OF PETITIONS REVERSED)/HEARSAY (FAMILY LAW, EVIDENCE, INCLUDING OUT OF COURT STATEMENTS BY A CHILD, OF EXCESSIVE CORPORAL PUNISHMENT AND VIOLENCE AGAINST MOTHER IN THE CHILDREN’S PRESENCE WARRANTED A NEGLECT FINDING, DISMISSAL OF PETITIONS REVERSED)/NEGLECT (EVIDENCE OF EXCESSIVE CORPORAL PUNISHMENT AND VIOLENCE AGAINST MOTHER IN THE CHILDREN’S PRESENCE WARRANTED A NEGLECT FINDING, DISMISSAL OF PETITIONS REVERSED)

/ , ,

COURT FAILED TO ASCERTAIN WHETHER FATHER WAIVED HIS RIGHT TO COUNSEL, CONSENT ORDER REVIEWABLE IN THIS CIRCUMSTANCE.

The Second Department, reversing a consent order, determined Family Court did not take the necessary steps to ensure father wished to waive his right to counsel in this custody/relocation proceeding. Father had indicated he wished to be represented by legal aid. Legal aid informed the court father did not qualify for their services. Father appeared pro se without any further inquiry by the court:

 

Although the order appealed from recites that it was entered on consent, under the particular facts and circumstances of this case, we are not precluded from reviewing whether the Family Court secured a valid waiver of the father’s right to counsel. The Family Court erred in allowing the father to proceed pro se. When the father expressed a desire to have an attorney appointed, the court should have inquired further into the father’s financial circumstances, including, but not limited to, inquiring about his expenses … . Moreover, the court did not determine whether the father was unequivocally, voluntarily, and intelligently waiving his right to counsel … . Despite the father’s statements at pretrial appearances that he would like to have an attorney appointed, the court presided over the hearing without inquiring into why the father was appearing pro se, or whether he understood the risks and disadvantages of doing so. Matter of Soto v Willis, 2016 NY Slip Op 06505, 2nd Dept 10-5-16

FAMILY LAW (COURT FAILED TO ASCERTAIN WHETHER FATHER WAIVED HIS RIGHT TO COUNSEL, CONSENT ORDER REVIEWABLE IN THIS CIRCUMSTANCE)/ATTORNEYS (FAMILY LAW, CUSTODY, COURT FAILED TO ASCERTAIN WHETHER FATHER WAIVED HIS RIGHT TO COUNSEL, CONSENT ORDER REVIEWABLE IN THIS CIRCUMSTANCE)/APPEALS (FAMILY LAW, CUSTODY, COURT FAILED TO ASCERTAIN WHETHER FATHER WAIVED HIS RIGHT TO COUNSEL, CONSENT ORDER REVIEWABLE IN THIS CIRCUMSTANCE)/APPEALS (FAMILY LAW, CONSENT ORDER, COURT FAILED TO ASCERTAIN WHETHER FATHER WAIVED HIS RIGHT TO COUNSEL, CONSENT ORDER REVIEWABLE IN THIS CIRCUMSTANCE)

/ ,

HEARING OFFICER’S FAILURE TO GATHER EVIDENCE REQUESTED BY THE PETITIONER DEPRIVED PETITIONER OF A FAIR HEARING, DETERMINATION ANNULLED.

The Second Department determined several failures to gather proof requested by the inmate (petitioner) deprived petitioner of a fair disciplinary hearing. The determination was annulled and the violation expunged. The hearing officer, inter alia: (1) failed to retrieve a document which could have supported the petitioner’s claim he was not served with the proper disciplinary papers; (2) failed to ascertain the identity of the confidential informant who claimed a weapon was in petitioner’s cell; and (3) failed to ask a witness (petitioner claimed the witness planted the weapon) relevant questions posed by the petitioner:

Considering all of these circumstances, the petitioner did not receive a fair hearing … . While a prison inmate facing a disciplinary hearing is not entitled to the same level of due process as a criminal defendant, there are minimum standards that must be met … . Here, since the petitioner did not receive a fair hearing, the minimum due process standard was not met … . Matter of Harvey v Prack, 2016 NY Slip Op 06497, 2nd Dept 10-5-16

 

DISCIPLINARY HEARINGS (INMATES) (HEARING OFFICER’S FAILURE TO GATHER EVIDENCE REQUESTED BY THE PETITIONER DEPRIVED PETITIONER OF A FAIR HEARING, DETERMINATION ANNULLED)/EVIDENCE (DISCIPLINARY HEARINGS, INMATES, (HEARING OFFICER’S FAILURE TO GATHER EVIDENCE REQUESTED BY THE PETITIONER DEPRIVED PETITIONER OF A FAIR HEARING, DETERMINATION ANNULLED)

/ ,

15-YEAR PERIOD DURING WHICH DEFENDANT DID NOT REOFFEND IS A GROUND FOR A DOWNWARD DEPARTURE IN SETTING THE SORA RISK LEVEL.

The Second Department determined defendant was entitled to a downward departure based upon a 15-year period during which defendant did not reoffend. Defendant’s SORA risk level was reduced from three to two:

In light of the purpose of SORA, which is to assess the risk that the offender poses while at liberty, lengthy periods during which the defendant has been at liberty after the offense are significant in determining the risk of reoffense and the danger posed in the event of reoffense …  . Since these periods are not taken into account in the risk assessment instrument (hereinafter the RAI), they are a permissible ground for departure … . Here, the defendant committed a sex offense in New Jersey in 1982. In the time between that crime and the SORA hearing, which was held in 2012, after the defendant returned to New York, he was incarcerated in New Jersey for approximately 15 years, and he was also at liberty for approximately the same amount of time without reoffending. In light of the lengthy amount of time without reoffense, we conclude that the RAI overstated the defendant’s risk of reoffense. People v Sotomayer, 2016 NY Slip Op 06482, 2nd Dept 10-5-16

CRIMINAL LAW (15-YEAR PERIOD DURING WHICH DEFENDANT DID NOT REOFFEND IS A GROUND FOR A DOWNWARD DEPARTURE IN SETTING THE SORA RISK LEVEL)/SEX OFFENDER REGISTRATION ACT (SORA) (15-YEAR PERIOD DURING WHICH DEFENDANT DID NOT REOFFEND IS A GROUND FOR A DOWNWARD DEPARTURE IN SETTING THE SORA RISK LEVEL)

/ ,

SEARCH OF BRIEFCASE FOUND NEAR DEFENDANT UPON ARREST WAS NOT A VALID SEARCH INCIDENT TO ARREST AND WAS NOT JUSTIFIED BY EXIGENT CIRCUMSTANCES; EVIDENCE OF ROBBERY FOUND IN THE BRIEFCASE SHOULD HAVE BEEN SUPPRESSED.

 

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined there were no exigent circumstances justifying the warrantless search of a briefcase found on a parked car near where defendant was arrested. Defendant was identified by a store clerk as the person who had just robbed him at gunpoint and a loaded gun was found on defendant’s person upon arrest:

Because “[a]ll warrantless searches presumptively are unreasonable per se, . . . [w]here a warrant has not been obtained, it is the People who have the burden of overcoming this presumption of unreasonableness” … . Under the New York State Constitution, an individual’s right of privacy in his or her personal effects dictates that a warrantless search incident to arrest be deemed unreasonable unless (1) it satisfies certain “spatial and temporal limitations to ensure that the search is not significantly divorced in time or place from the arrest” and (2) it is justified by the presence of exigent circumstances … . “Exigency must be affirmatively demonstrated” … . Exigent circumstances may be established by a showing that the search was necessary to ensure the safety of the public or the arresting officer, or that it was necessary to prevent the destruction or concealment of evidence … .

Contrary to the Supreme Court’s determination, the search of the briefcase was not justified as a search incident to a lawful arrest. The People failed to present evidence establishing exigent circumstances at the time of the arrest that would justify the search. The arresting officer did not claim that he searched the briefcase out of concern for the safety of himself or the public and, in any event, the circumstances did not support a reasonable belief that the briefcase contained a weapon … . Additionally, the officer did not claim that he searched the briefcase to prevent the defendant from destroying evidence and, in any event, the facts do not support such a claim. Moreover, despite the People’s contention to the contrary, the error was not harmless, as it cannot be said that there was no significant probability that the jury would have acquitted the defendant of robbery in the first degree had it not been for the error … . People v Houston, 2016 NY Slip Op 06510, 2nd Dept 10-5-16

 

CRIMINAL LAW (SEARCH OF BRIEFCASE FOUND NEAR DEFENDANT UPON ARREST WAS NOT A VALID SEARCH INCIDENT TO ARREST AND WAS NOT JUSTIFIED BY EXIGENT CIRCUMSTANCES; EVIDENCE OF ROBBERY FOUND IN THE BRIEFCASE SHOULD HAVE BEEN SUPPRESSED)/EVIDENCE (CRIMINAL LAW, SEARCH OF BRIEFCASE FOUND NEAR DEFENDANT UPON ARREST WAS NOT A VALID SEARCH INCIDENT TO ARREST AND WAS NOT JUSTIFIED BY EXIGENT CIRCUMSTANCES; EVIDENCE OF ROBBERY FOUND IN THE BRIEFCASE SHOULD HAVE BEEN SUPPRESSED)/SUPPRESSION (SEARCH OF BRIEFCASE FOUND NEAR DEFENDANT UPON ARREST WAS NOT A VALID SEARCH INCIDENT TO ARREST AND WAS NOT JUSTIFIED BY EXIGENT CIRCUMSTANCES; EVIDENCE OF ROBBERY FOUND IN THE BRIEFCASE SHOULD HAVE BEEN SUPPRESSED)

/ , , ,

SUPREME COURT SHOULD HAVE ORDERED A NEW TRIAL UNLESS THE PARTIES STIPULATE TO REDUCED DAMAGES AWARDS; SUPREME COURT DID NOT HAVE TO POWER TO SUA SPONTE REDUCE THE DAMAGES AMOUNTS.

The Second Department, although agreeing with Supreme Court that aspects the damages award in this medical malpractice case were excessive, determined Supreme Court did not have the power to simply reduce the damages amounts. Rather, Supreme Court should have granted the motion to set aside the verdict and ordered a new trial unless the parties stipulate to the reduced damages:

… [I]t was procedurally improper for the Supreme Court to enter a judgment reducing the awards for future medical care, future medications, future physical and occupational therapy from age 21, future speech therapy from age 21, future medical equipment, future medical supplies, future loss of earning capacity, past pain and suffering, and future pain and suffering without granting a new trial on those issues unless the plaintiffs stipulated to reduce the verdict … . Reilly v St. Charles Hosp. & Rehabilitation Ctr., 2016 NY Slip Op 06485, 2nd Dept 10-5-16

CIVIL PROCEDURE (SUPREME COURT SHOULD HAVE ORDERED A NEW TRIAL UNLESS THE PARTIES STIPULATE TO REDUCED DAMAGES AWARDS; SUPREME COURT DID NOT HAVE TO POWER TO SUA SPONTE REDUCE THE DAMAGES AMOUNTS)/NEGLIGENCE (MEDICAL MALPRACTICE, SUPREME COURT SHOULD HAVE ORDERED A NEW TRIAL UNLESS THE PARTIES STIPULATE TO REDUCED DAMAGES AWARDS; SUPREME COURT DID NOT HAVE TO POWER TO SUA SPONTE REDUCE THE DAMAGES AMOUNTS)/MEDICAL MALPRACTICE (SUPREME COURT SHOULD HAVE ORDERED A NEW TRIAL UNLESS THE PARTIES STIPULATE TO REDUCED DAMAGES AWARDS; SUPREME COURT DID NOT HAVE TO POWER TO SUA SPONTE REDUCE THE DAMAGES AMOUNTS)/DAMAGES (MEDICAL MALPRACTICE, SUPREME COURT SHOULD HAVE ORDERED A NEW TRIAL UNLESS THE PARTIES STIPULATE TO REDUCED DAMAGES AWARDS; SUPREME COURT DID NOT HAVE TO POWER TO SUA SPONTE REDUCE THE DAMAGES AMOUNTS)/VERDICT, MOTION TO SET ASIDE (SUPREME COURT SHOULD HAVE ORDERED A NEW TRIAL UNLESS THE PARTIES STIPULATE TO REDUCED DAMAGES AWARDS; SUPREME COURT DID NOT HAVE TO POWER TO SUA SPONTE REDUCE THE DAMAGES AMOUNTS)

/

SENTENCE FOR CONSPIRACY COUNT OF AN INDICTMENT SHOULD HAVE BEEN IMPOSED CONCURRENTLY WITH SENTENCES FOR OVERT ACTS WITH WHICH DEFENDANT HAD PREVIOUSLY BEEN CHARGED IN A SUPERIOR COURT INFORMATION.

The Second Department determined the sentences imposed for conspiracy and criminal possession of a controlled substance should run concurrently, not consecutively. The possession offenses, charged in a superior court information (SCI) to which defendant pled guilty, were the overt acts charged in the conspiracy count of a subsequent indictment:

As charged here, the underlying crimes were criminal possession of a controlled substance in the second degree and criminal sale of a controlled substance in the second degree. The offenses of criminal possession of a controlled substance in the third and fourth degrees, to which the defendant pleaded guilty as charged under the SCI, were based on the same acts charged, in the indictment, as overt acts committed in furtherance of the conspiracy in the second degree count. As such, the actus reus of each of the offenses charged in the SCI was, by definition, “a material element” of the offense charged in the indictment … . Since the People failed to establish the legality of consecutive sentences by showing that the acts committed by the defendant were separate and distinct acts … , the County Court should have directed that the sentence imposed under the indictment run concurrently with the sentences imposed under the SCI. People v Rifino, 2016 NY Slip Op 06513, 2nd Dept 10-5-16

CRIMINAL LAW (SENTENCE FOR CONSPIRACY COUNT OF AN INDICTMENT SHOULD HAVE BEEN IMPOSED CONCURRENTLY WITH SENTENCES FOR OVERT ACTS WITH WHICH DEFENDANT HAD PREVIOUSLY BEEN CHARGED IN A SUPERIOR COURT INFORMATION)/SENTENCING (SENTENCE FOR CONSPIRACY COUNT OF AN INDICTMENT SHOULD HAVE BEEN IMPOSED CONCURRENTLY WITH SENTENCES FOR OVERT ACTS WITH WHICH DEFENDANT HAD PREVIOUSLY BEEN CHARGED IN A SUPERIOR COURT INFORMATION)

/

CONDOMINIUM UNIT OWNER HAS RIGHT TO INSPECT AND MAKE PAPER AND ELECTRONIC COPIES OF CONDOMINIUM RECORDS; CONDOMINIUM BOARD MEMBERS CANNOT BE SUED INDIVIDUALLY FOR NONFEASANCE BUT CAN BE SUED IN THEIR OFFICIAL CAPACITIES.

The First Department determined plaintiff, an owner of condominium unit, had the right to inspect and make paper and electronic copies of condominium records. The court further ruled that members of the condominium board could not be held personally liable for actions which amounted only to nonfeasance:

Condominium unit owners’ inspection rights are not governed by Business Corporation Law § 624, as condominium associations, unlike cooperative apartment corporations, are generally unincorporated. Rather, Real Property Law § 339-w governs the statutory inspection rights of condominium unit owners, and grants unit owners the right to examine “records . . . of the receipts and expenditures arising from the operation of the property,” as well as “the vouchers authorizing [such] payments,” during “convenient hours of weekdays.” Real Property Law § 339-w further provides: “A written report summarizing such receipts and expenditures shall be rendered by the board of managers to all unit owners at least once annually.” * * *

… [A]lthough defendants are correct that the board does not have an obligation to mail or email to plaintiff copies of monthly financial reports, building invoices, redacted legal invoices, or board meeting minutes, plaintiff’s right to examine these records at the managing agent’s office, during convenient weekday hours, includes the right to create paper copies or electronic copies at her own expense during her inspection.  * * *

Here, plaintiff merely alleges that the board did not honor her inspection rights and failed to respond adequately to her complaints of noise emanating from an adjacent apartment. These allegations amount only to mere nonfeasance for which the board members cannot be held individually liable. Plaintiff’s conclusory allegation that the board ignored her noise complaints to retaliate against her for other disputes does not suffice to transform the claim into one for affirmative tortious misconduct. We note, however, that the claims will proceed against the board members in their official capacities. Pomerance v McGrath, 2016 NY Slip Op 06462, 1st Dept 10-4-16

 

REAL PROPERTY LAW (CONDOMINIUM UNIT OWNER HAS RIGHT TO INSPECT AND MAKE PAPER AND ELECTRONIC COPIES OF CONDOMINIUM RECORDS; CONDOMINIUM BOARD MEMBERS CANNOT BE SUED INDIVIDUALLY FOR NONFEASANCE BUT CAN BE SUED IN THEIR OFFICIAL CAPACITIES)/CONDOMINIUMS (CONDOMINIUM UNIT OWNER HAS RIGHT TO INSPECT AND MAKE PAPER AND ELECTRONIC COPIES OF CONDOMINIUM RECORDS; CONDOMINIUM BOARD MEMBERS CANNOT BE SUED INDIVIDUALLY FOR NONFEASANCE BUT CAN BE SUED IN THEIR OFFICIAL CAPACITIES)

/ ,

STORM IN PROGRESS RULE RELIEVED DEFENDANTS OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR TRACKED IN WATER; EVIDENCE OF ROUTINE MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE COUPLED WITH PLAINTIFF’S OBSERVATIONS SHORTLY BEFORE THE ACCIDENT DEMONSTRATED DEFENDANTS DID NOT HAVE ACTUAL OR CONSTRUCTIVE NOTICE OF URINE ON FLOOR.

The First Department determined the storm in progress rule relieved defendants of responsibility for tracked in water during a snow storm. With respect to a second accident alleged in the complaint (slipping on urine on the building floor) the court held that evidence of the daily maintenance routine, coupled with plaintiff’s testimony she did not see urine on the floor on the afternoon of the accident (which occurred at 6:30 or 7 pm), demonstrated the defendants did not have constructive notice of the condition:

Here, plaintiff testified that ten or fifteen minutes before her first accident, she saw that it was snowing. Thus, any issue concerning whether defendants made reasonable efforts to remedy the wet condition on the steps of the entry vestibule was beside the point since they had no duty to correct the ongoing problem of pedestrians tracking water into the vestibule, until a reasonable time after the storm ended … .

With respect to plaintiff’s second accident in the building, the court properly concluded that defendants demonstrated prima facie the absence of actual or constructive knowledge of urine on the second floor platform based on the testimony of the superintendent that he inspected daily, mopped three times a week, and swept the stairs every day. Plaintiff also testified that she did not see the urine on the afternoon before her 6:30 p.m. or 7 p.m. accident, and was unaware of any complaints of a recurring moisture condition on the platform… . Rosario v Prana Nine Props., LLC, 2016 NY Slip Op 06431, 1st Dept 10-4-16

NEGLIGENCE (STORM IN PROGRESS RULE RELIEVED DEFENDANTS OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR TRACKED IN WATER; EVIDENCE OF ROUTINE MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE COUPLED WITH PLAINTIFF’S OBSERVATIONS SHORTLY BEFORE THE ACCIDENT DEMONSTRATED DEFENDANTS DID NOT HAVE ACTUAL OR CONSTRUCTIVE NOTICE OF URINE ON FLOOR)/EVIDENCE (SLIP AND FALL, STORM IN PROGRESS RULE RELIEVED DEFENDANTS OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR TRACKED IN WATER; EVIDENCE OF ROUTINE MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE COUPLED WITH PLAINTIFF’S OBSERVATIONS SHORTLY BEFORE THE ACCIDENT DEMONSTRATED DEFENDANTS DID NOT HAVE ACTUAL OR CONSTRUCTIVE NOTICE OF URINE ON FLOOR)/SLIP AND FALL (STORM IN PROGRESS RULE RELIEVED DEFENDANTS OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR TRACKED IN WATER; EVIDENCE OF ROUTINE MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE COUPLED WITH PLAINTIFF’S OBSERVATIONS SHORTLY BEFORE THE ACCIDENT DEMONSTRATED DEFENDANTS DID NOT HAVE ACTUAL OR CONSTRUCTIVE NOTICE OF URINE ON FLOOR)/STORM IN PROGRESS RULE (STORM IN PROGRESS RULE RELIEVED DEFENDANTS OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR TRACKED IN WATER)/ROUTINE MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE (EVIDENCE OF ROUTINE MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE COUPLED WITH PLAINTIFF’S OBSERVATIONS SHORTLY BEFORE THE ACCIDENT DEMONSTRATED DEFENDANTS DID NOT HAVE ACTUAL OR CONSTRUCTIVE NOTICE OF URINE ON FLOOR)

Categories

Sign Up for the Mailing List to Be Notified When the Site Is Updated.

  • This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.

Copyright © 2026 New York Appellate Digest, Inc.
Site by CurlyHost | Privacy Policy