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THE COURT OF APPEALS, OVERRULING PRECEDENT, DETERMINED THE AUTOPSY REPORTS WERE “TESTIMONIAL” IN NATURE AND SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN ADMITTED THROUGH AN EXPERT WHO DID NOT PARTICIPATE IN THE AUTOPSIES; ADMISSION OF THE REPORTS AND THE EXPERT’S TESTIMONY VIOLATED DEFENDANT’S RIGHT TO CONFRONT THE WITNESSES AGAINST HIM (CT APP).

The Court of Appeals, in a full-fledged opinion by Judge Singas, reversing (modifying) the Appellate Division, determined the admission of two autopsy reports through an expert witness who did not perform the autopsies, as well as the witness’s testimony, violated defendant’s right to confront the witnesses against him. The Court of Appeals overruled its decision in Frycinet (11 NY3d at 39) which concluded autopsy reports were not “testimonial” and therefore did not implicate the Confrontation Clause. The erroneous admission of the evidence here, however, was deemed harmless by both the Appellate Division and the Court of Appeals:

Pursuant to [the] Confrontation Clause, a witness’s out-of-court “testimonial” statement may only be admitted for its truth where the witness appears at trial or, if the witness is unavailable for trial, where the defendant has had a prior opportunity to cross-examine that witness (Crawford v Washington, 541 US 36, 68 [2004]). …

This Court had occasion to consider the impact of Crawford and its progeny on the admission of autopsy reports in Freycinet, where it held that a redacted autopsy report was not testimonial for purposes of the Confrontation Clause (11 NY3d at 39). In reaching this conclusion, the Court evaluated four purported “indicia of testimoniality”: (1) “the extent to which the entity conducting the procedure is an arm of law enforcement”; (2) “whether the contents of the report are a contemporaneous record of objective facts”; (3) “whether a pro-law-enforcement bias is likely to influence the contents of the report”; and (4) “whether the report’s contents are directly accusatory in the sense that they explicitly link the defendant to the crime” … . All four factors, the Court concluded, weighed in the People’s favor and thus, the autopsy report at issue was not testimonial … . * * *

We now hold that Freycinet should no longer be followed because it is inconsistent with the demands of the Confrontation Clause as articulated more recently by the Supreme Court.  * * *

… [I]t is the People’s obligation to establish that their testifying experts, who did not perform or observe the relevant autopsy, reached their conclusions themselves based upon a review of the proper materials rather than the conclusions of the performing examiner. People v Ortega, 2023 NY Slip Op 05956, CtApp 11-21-23

Practice Point: Autopsy reports are testimonial in nature and must be admitted in evidence through an expert who participated in the autopsies. The erroneous admission of the testimonial evidence was deemed harmless here, however.

 

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