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City Failed to Affirmatively Prove It Did Not Have Notice of Dangerous Condition

The Second Department determined the city’s failure to submit proof it had not received notice of a defective condition precluded summary judgment in the city’s favor:

As the party moving for summary judgment, in order for the defendant City of New York to demonstrate its prima facie entitlement to judgment as a matter of law dismissing the complaint … on the ground that it had no prior written notice of the alleged defective or dangerous condition (see Administrative Code of the City of New York § 7-201[c]), it was required to submit proof that it did not receive the notice required by the statute … . The City failed to submit any affidavit from any City official or employee demonstrating that a search of the appropriate records had been done and that there was no prior written notice of the alleged dangerous condition that caused the plaintiff’s accident, and there was nothing in the deposition testimony of the three City witnesses that indicated that a search of the City records had been conducted without any success in finding any prior written notices. As such, the City failed to make a prima facie showing that no prior written notice was actually received … .   Martinez v City of New York, 2013 NY Slip Op 02723, 2nd Dept, 4-24-13

 

Slip and Fall Action Based On “Trivial Defect” Dismissed

In affirming the dismissal of a personal injury action in which the plaintiff alleged she fell when she stepped on a one-inch wide and one-half-inch deep hole on the edge of a step, the Second Department wrote:

A property owner may not be held liable for trivial defects, not constituting a trap or nuisance, over which a pedestrian might merely stumble, stub his or her toes, or trip … . In determining whether a defect is trivial, the court must examine all of the facts presented, including the “width, depth, elevation, irregularity and appearance of the defect along with the time, place and circumstance of the injury” … .  *  *  * The plaintiff testified at her deposition that the semi-circular hole was one inch in diameter, half an inch deep, and located at the edge of the step. She used the staircase all the time, and she never had a problem traversing the area prior to the accident. Under the circumstances presented here, the alleged defect did not possess the characteristics of a trap or nuisance, and was trivial and, therefore, not actionable … . Maciaszek v Sloninski, 2013 NY Slip Op 02722, 2nd Dept, 4-24-13

 

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Scientific Expert Opinion Need Not Be Based Upon Textual Authority

In determining an expert’s testimony that an MRI would have revealed any injury caused by an epidural injection was properly admitted, the Second Department explained the criteria for the admission of (scientific) expert testimony:

In determining the admissibility of expert testimony, New York follows the rule of Frye v United States …  “that expert testimony based on scientific principles or procedures is admissible but only after a principle or procedure has gained general acceptance’ in its specified field” …. The test’s limited purpose is to ascertain whether the expert’s conclusion is based upon accepted scientific principles, rather than simply the expert’s own unsupported beliefs …. When applying the Fryetest to assess the reliability of an expert’s theory of causation, “it is not necessary that the underlying support for the theory . . . consist of cases or studies considering circumstances exactly parallel to those under consideration in the litigation. It is sufficient if a synthesis of various studies or cases reasonably permits the conclusion reached by the . . . expert'” …. “The fact that there [is] no textual authority directly on point to support the [expert’s] opinion is relevant only to the weight to be given the testimony, but does not preclude its admissibility”… .

[Here the] literature established that the expert’s theory had an objective basis and was founded upon far more than theoretical speculation or a scientific hunch … . The lack of textual authority to support the theory pertained to the weight to be given to his testimony, but did not preclude its admissibility ….  LaRose v Corrao, 2013 NY Slip Op 02719, 2nd Dept, 4-24-13

 

 

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Criteria for Professional Negligence Actions Against Accountant Not in Privity with Plaintiff and Against Actuary

The Second Department explained the criteria for professional negligence actions against an accountant, with whom the plaintiffs were not in privity, and against an actuary:

Accountants may be “held liable in certain circumstances for negligent misrepresentations made to parties with whom they have no contractual relationship, but who have relied to their detriment on inaccurate financial statements prepared by the accountant” … . In order to establish such liability, the relationship between the accountant and the party must be found to approach privity, through a showing that the following prerequisites are satisfied: “(1) the accountants must have been aware that the financial reports were to be used for a particular purpose or purposes; (2) in the furtherance of which a known party or parties was intended to rely; and (3) there must have been some conduct on the part of the accountants linking them to that party or parties, which evinces the accountants’ understanding of that party or parties’ reliance” … . *  *  *

Because an actuary is not required to be licensed, is not regulated, and is not subject to a State-created disciplinary system, an actuary is not a “professional” for purposes of a malpractice cause of action … . Nevertheless, an actuary, possessing special knowledge, can be held liable for the negligent performance of its services …. [T]he complaint sufficiently alleges a cause of action against [the actuary] on a theory of common-law negligence ….  Health Acquisition Corp v Program Risk Mgt, Inc, 2013 NY Slip Op 02714, 2nd Dept, 4-24-13

 

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No Evidence Police Officer Acted in “Reckless Disregard” for Safety

The First Department determined the plaintiff did not raise a question of fact about whether a police officer drove his vehicle (which collided with plaintiff’s) in “reckless disregard for the safety of others,” finding plaintiff’s allegations “conclusory and speculative.:”

Defendants’ proof established that defendant Steve Tompos, a police officer, did not act in “reckless disregard for the safety of others” while operating his vehicle in the wrong direction on a one-way street (see Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1104[e]). Tompos testified that his vehicle’s emergency lights and siren had been activated prior to the accident, and the evidence showed that he reduced his speed before turning onto the subject street and that he veered to his right in an attempt to avoid impact … . We note in particular that Tompos’s partner testified that Tompos reduced the vehicle’s speed to 10 miles per hour as he turned into the street where the accident occurred. Plaintiff’s testimony that Tompos was driving at a “high” rate of speed, which plaintiff was admittedly unable to estimate, is conclusory and speculative .. . We therefore disagree with the dissent’s view that issues of fact preclude summary judgment. Frezzell v City of New York, 2013 NY Slip Op 02700, 8861 116366/07, 1st Dept, 4-23-13

TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS

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“Law of the Case” Does Not Bind Appellate Courts

In a medical malpractice action, plaintiff had moved to amend her complaint to add a cause of action for wrongful death and the motion was denied.  There was a mistrial.  Before the second trial, plaintiff again moved to amend her complaint.  The motion was denied because the first denial was deemed the law of the case.  In determining the motion to amend should have been allowed, the Second Department noted that the law of the case doctrine does not apply to appellate courts:

The doctrine of the law of the case does not bind appellate courts, and thus, this Court is not bound by the law of the case established by the prior determination …. Accordingly, this Court is free to consider that branch of the plaintiff’s motion which was for leave to amend the complaint on the merits …. Under the circumstances presented here, we conclude that leave to amend the pleading should be permitted.

Generally, leave to amend a pleading should be freely given when there is no significant prejudice or surprise to the opposing party and where the evidence submitted in support of the motion indicates that the proposed amendment may have merit (see CPLR 3025[b]…). Here, in the aftermath of the court’s granting of a mistrial, Mercy [defendant] failed to allege, much less show, surprise or prejudice resulting from the plaintiff’s delay in asserting the wrongful death cause of action against it … . Moreover, the proposed amended complaint, which sufficiently alleged that Mercy’s negligence caused the decedent to suffer injuries and ultimately death, was neither “palpably insufficient nor patently devoid of merit” … .   Hothan v Mercy Med Ctr, 2013 NY Slip Op 02541, 2011-10562, Index No 14345/06, 2nd Dept, 4-17-13

 

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Question of Fact Raised About Whether School-Wrestler’s Risk of Injury Increased by Condition of Wrestling Mats

The Second Department ruled Supreme Court had properly denied the school’s motion for summary judgment because a question of fact had been raised about whether the way mats had been taped together increased the risk of injury to wrestlers:

“Pursuant to the doctrine of primary assumption of risk, a voluntary participant in a sporting or recreational activity, “consents to those commonly appreciated risks which are inherent in and arise out of the nature of the sport generally and flow from such participation”‘” … . “The principle of primary assumption of risk extends to those risks associated with the construction of a playing field and any open and obvious condition thereon” … . “If the playing surface is as safe as it appears to be, and the condition in question is not concealed such that it unreasonably increases risk assumed by the players, the doctrine applies” … . However, “a board of education, its employees, agents and organized athletic councils must exercise ordinary reasonable care to protect student athletes voluntarily involved in extracurricular sports from unassumed, concealed or unreasonably increased risks” … . Philippou v Baldwin Union Free Sch Dist, 2012-02566, Index No 790/10, 2nd Dept, 4-17-13

 

Adult Care Facility, in Which Residents Have a High Level of Autonomy, Can Not Be Held Liable for Assault by One Resident Upon Another

In finding that Lakeside, an adult care facility (ACF), was not liable for an assault by a resident, Fierro, upon the plaintiff (also a resident), the Second Department wrote:

…[C]ourts have imposed a duty of care where “there exist special circumstances in which there is sufficient authority and ability to control the conduct of third persons that [courts] have identified a duty to do so. Thus, [courts] have imposed a duty to control the conduct of others where there is a special relationship: a relationship between defendant and [the] third person whose actions expose plaintiff to harm such as would require [one] defendant to protect the plaintiff from the conduct of others” … .

…Lakeside [presented evidence that its] residents were free to come and go as they pleased, and that in order to remove a resident from the facility, it would need to commence an eviction proceeding. Because it is an ACF, Lakeside’s control over Fierro, “and consequent duty to prevent him from harming others, is more limited than in cases involving persons confined to mental institutions” …. Lakeside did not require the issuance of day passes, which would have been indicative of “a certain level of authority and control” over its residents …, who did not “relinquish general autonomy” … .  Malave v Lakeside Manor Homes for Adults, Inc, 2013 NY Slip Op 02547, 2012-00696, Index No 100904/10, 2nd Dept, 4-17-13​

THIRD PARTY ASSAULT

 

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Question of Fact About Whether Emergency Doctrine Excused Police Officer’s Causing a Collision

In finding that a question of fact had been raised about whether a police office, when responding to an emergency call in her vehicle, had exhibited reckless disregard for the safety of others (resulting in a collision), the Second Department wrote:

Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1104 qualifiedly exempts drivers of authorized emergency vehicles from certain traffic laws when they are involved in an emergency operation …. The emergency operation of a police vehicle includes “responding to [a] police call” (Vehicle and Traffic Law § 114-b). A radio call to an officer on patrol by a police dispatcher regarding a 911 complaint falls squarely within the plain meaning of “police call” …. When a police officer engages in the specific conduct exempted from the rules of the road by Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1104(b), such conduct may not form the basis of civil liability to an injured third party unless the officer acts in reckless disregard for the safety of others …. The “reckless disregard” standard requires proof that the officer intentionally committed an act of an unreasonable character in disregard of a known or obvious risk that was so great as to make it highly probable that harm would follow … . * * *…[T]he respondents submitted the deposition testimony of four witnesses, which raised triable issues of fact as to whether the siren and emergency lights on the police officer’s vehicle were activated and whether that vehicle slowed down prior to entering the intersection at which the collision occurred. Miller v Suffolk County Police Dept, 2013 NY Slip Op 02549, 2012-03783, dInex No 5044/06, 2nd Dept, 4-17-13

 

 

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Jury Verdict Finding No Negligence Reversed on Appeal/Article 16 Defenses Re: Negligence of Non-Party Allowed

A mechanic working in the basement of a two-family house left a trap door, which was directly outside the side door of plaintiff’s apartment, open.  Plaintiff fell through the open trap door.  In setting aside the jury verdict finding the mechanic was not negligent, the Second Department wrote:

A jury verdict should not be set aside as contrary to the weight of the evidence unless the jury could not have reached the verdict by any fair interpretation of the evidence … . In exercising our authority to review the weight of the evidence …, we find that the jury’s verdict was contrary to the weight of the evidence. “Negligence involves the failure to exercise the degree of care that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in the same circumstances” …. Applying this standard, we conclude that the jury’s determination that the defendant was not negligent was not based on a fair interpretation of the evidence, since a reasonable person should have been aware that leaving the trapdoor open created an unsafe condition …. Accordingly, we reverse the amended judgment, reinstate the complaint, and remit the matter … for a new trial.

The Second Department also made the following findings, pursuant to CPLR article 16, about defenses based upon the liability of the non-party out-of-possession landlord:

…[T]he Supreme Court did not err in denying that branch of the plaintiff’s motion which was to preclude the defendant from offering evidence as to the liability of a nonparty, the out-of-possession landlord, for the purpose of limiting the defendant’s liability for noneconomic damages pursuant to CPLR article 16. Contrary to the plaintiff’s contention, a defendant is not required to plead that defense as an affirmative defense (see CPLR 1601[1]…).

…[T]he Supreme Court properly denied the plaintiff’s motion to dismiss the defendant’s affirmative defense pursuant to CPLR article 16, as the defendant presented evidence demonstrating that a question of fact existed as to the negligence of the nonparty landlord (see CPLR 1603…).  Cooper v Burt’s Reliable, Inc, 2013 NY Slip Op 02529, 2012-00098, Index No 6053/07, 2nd Dept 4-17-13

 

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