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THE COMPLAINT ALLEGED THE ICY CONDITION EXISTED BEFORE 10 INCHES OF SNOW FELL, DEFENDANTS DID NOT DEMONSTRATE THEY DID NOT HAVE NOTICE OF THE ICE, DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT IN THIS SLIP AND FALL CASE SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN GRANTED (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined defendants’ motion for summary judgment in this slip and fall case should not have been granted. Plaintiff alleged the icy condition existed before the snow fell and defendants didn’t demonstrate a lack of notice of the icy condition:

Although it is undisputed that about 10 inches of snow fell about two hours before the … accident, Supreme Court should have denied [defendants’] summary judgment because their submissions failed to address the complaint’s allegations that the ice was on the sidewalk before that storm and that they received notice that it was there. Specifically, they failed to present evidence from someone with knowledge as to whether either entity received a complaint about the location before the storm commenced and the area’s condition before the new precipitation fell. Wolf v St. Vincent’s Catholic Med. Ctrs. of N.Y., 2019 NY Slip Op 03293, First Dept 4-30-19

 

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REPORT OF FIRE MARSHAL, WHO HAD NO INDEPENDENT RECOLLECTION OF HIS INVESTIGATION INTO THE CAUSE OF THE FIRE, WAS ADMISSIBLE PURSUANT TO THE BUSINESS RECORD EXCEPTION TO THE HEARSAY RULE, COURT SHOULD NOT HAVE CONSIDERED A NEW THEORY OF LIABILITY RAISED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN PLAINTIFF’S OPPOSITION TO DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined plaintiff could not defeat a summary judgment motion by raising a new theory of liability in the opposing papers:

The report established that the fire marshal conducted an investigation at the subject premises and concluded that the fire in defendants’ building was caused by combustible clothing left in a dryer for too long, rather than any defect in the premises or dryer … . Although the fire marshal did not have an independent recollection of his investigation, his report was admissible under the business record exception to the hearsay rule, and was sufficient to satisfy defendants’ prima facie burden, since it noted that he independently inspected the premises and concluded that the accident was not due to defendants’ negligence … .

In opposition, plaintiff failed to raise a triable issue of fact. Her expert failed to address the theories of liability raised in the complaint and bill of particulars and failed to rebut defendants’ showing. Instead, plaintiff’s expert raised a new theory, namely that plaintiff’s injuries from smoke inhalation were caused by the absence of a self-closing door in the laundry room where the fire occurred, which caused smoke to permeate into plaintiff’s apartment. A plaintiff cannot defeat a summary judgment motion by asserting a new theory of liability for the first time in opposition papers … . Mirdita v Musovic Realty Corp., 2019 NY Slip Op 03284, First Dept 4-30-19

 

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THE AFFIDAVIT WHICH PURPORTED TO DEMONSTRATE PLAINTIFF HAD STANDING TO BRING THE FORECLOSURE ACTION REFERRED TO UNIDENTIFIED AND UNPRODUCED RECORDS AND THEREFORE LACKED ANY PROBATIVE VALUE (FIRST DEPT).

The First Department, reversing Supreme Court, over a dissent, determined plaintiff failed to demonstrate standing to bring the foreclosure proceedings:

Plaintiff cannot establish that the note was assigned to it by a written assignment prior to commencement of foreclosure proceedings. Therefore, it must “adequately prove[] that it did, indeed, have possession of the note prior to commencement of this action” … , and where an affiant’s knowledge is based on unidentified and unproduced records, “the affidavit lacks any probative value” and cannot be the basis for an award of summary judgment … . Since plaintiff has failed to establish that it had physical possession of the note prior to commencement of this action, we reverse the motion court’s award of summary judgment to plaintiff. Residential Credit Solutions, Inc. v Gould, 2019 NY Slip Op 03266, First Dept 4-30-19​

 

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POLICE EFFECTIVELY SEIZED DEFENDANT BY BLOCKING DEFENDANT’S VEHICLE WITH TWO POLICE CARS, BECAUSE THE SEIZURE TOOK PLACE IN THE ABSENCE OF REASONABLE SUSPICION A PARTICULAR PERSON WAS INVOLVED IN A CRIME THE TANGIBLE EVIDENCE SHOULD HAVE BEEN SUPPRESSED (FOURTH DEPT).

The Fourth Department, reversing defendant’s conviction and suppressing the tangible evidence, determined the police effectively seized defendant by blocking in defendant’s vehicle with two police cars without sufficient cause:

The conviction arises from a police encounter during which an officer approached the parked vehicle in which defendant was a passenger and observed that defendant was in possession of a handgun. We agree with defendant that the police lacked reasonable suspicion to justify the initial seizure of the vehicle, and thus Supreme Court erred in refusing to suppress both the tangible property seized, i.e., the weapon, and statements defendant made to the police at the time of his arrest. Here, police officers effectively seized the vehicle in which defendant was riding when their two patrol cars entered the parking lot in such a manner as to prevent the vehicle from being driven away … . The police had, at most, a “founded suspicion that criminal activity [was] afoot,” which permitted them to approach the vehicle and make a common-law inquiry of its occupants. They did not, however, have “reasonable suspicion that [a] particular individual was involved in a felony or misdemeanor” to justify the seizure that occurred here …, and thus the weapon and defendant’s statements should have been suppressed. People v Suttles, 2019 NY Slip Op 03158, Fourth Dept 4-26-19

 

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FOR CAUSE JUROR CHALLENGES SHOULD HAVE BEEN GRANTED, JURORS COULD NOT UNEQUIVOCALLY STATE THEY COULD PUT ASIDE THEIR RESERVATIONS AND BE FAIR AND IMPARTIAL, BECAUSE THERE WILL BE A NEW TRIAL AND BECAUSE AN APPELLATE COURT CANNOT CONSIDER ISSUES NOT RULED UPON BY THE TRIAL COURT, THE TRIAL COURT WAS DIRECTED TO CONSIDER TWO EVIDENTIARY ISSUES, ONE RAISED BY THE PEOPLE, AND ONE RAISED BY THE DEFENSE (FOURTH DEPT).

The Fourth Department reversed defendant’s conviction because for cause challenges to two jurors were denied. Neither juror gave unequivocal assurances that she could be fair and impartial, in fact one juror expressly said she would continue to think defendant was involved based solely on his presence in the courtroom. In the interest of judicial economy, because there will be a new trial, the Fourth Department indicated the court erred in finding defendant’s cell phone was lawfully seized from defendant’s vehicle incident to arrest to protect evidence in defendant’s grabbable area from destruction or concealment. The Fourth Department noted it could not consider the People’s argument the cell phone was lawfully seized pursuant to the automobile exception to the warrant requirement because Supreme Court didn’t rule on that issue. The Fourth Department directed Supreme Court to make a ruling. The Fourth Department further directed Supreme Court to rule on whether an unavailable witness’s hearsay statement should be admitted pursuant to defendant’s rights to put on a defense and due process. Defendant had raised that issue but Supreme Court did not rule on it. With respect to the for cause juror challenges, the court wrote:

“It is well settled that a prospective juror whose statements raise a serious doubt regarding the ability to be impartial must be excused unless the [prospective] juror states unequivocally on the record that he or she can be fair and impartial’ “… . Although CPL 270.20 (1) (b) “does not require any particular expurgatory oath or talismanic’ words . . . , [a prospective] juror[] must clearly express that any prior experiences or opinions that reveal the potential for bias will not prevent [him or her] from reaching an impartial verdict” … . People v Clark, 2019 NY Slip Op 03231, Fourth Dept 4-26-19

 

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ALTHOUGH THE PRIVATE CITIZEN WAS ACTING AS AN AGENT FOR THE POLICE WHEN SHE RECORDED DEFENDANT’S ADMISSION TO MURDER, DEFENDANT WAS NOT ENTITLED TO A 710.30 NOTICE BECAUSE THE STATEMENT WAS VOLUNTARILY MADE AND NOT SUBJECT TO SUPPRESSION, TWO -JUSTICE DISSENT (FOURTH DEPT).

The Fourth Department, over a two-justice dissent, determined that the failure to provide a CPL 710.30 notice of a statement made by defendant to a private citizen was a mere irregularity, not reversible error, because the statement was not involuntarily made, and therefore was not subject to suppression. The two dissenters argued that it was possible the defendant was induced to make the statement by the promise of sexual relations with the private citizen. Because there was a colorable basis for suppression, the dissenters argued, the defendant was entitled to notice and a hearing. In the recorded statement the defendant admitted to committing murder and explained the details. The decision is extensive and addresses several other substantive issues: (1) Defendant was not entitled to Miranda warnings because he was not subjected to custodial interrogation in that he was incarcerated on another matter when he was questioned and no added constraints were imposed; (2) The prosecutor provided race-neutral explanations for challenges to jurors—one juror’s father and brother had criminal convictions—another juror acknowledged reading books by a writer with anti-police and anti-establishment views; (3) The testimony by a medical examiner who did not conduct the autopsy did not violate defendant’s right of confrontation; and (4) The defendant’s request for an accomplice jury instruction was properly denied because there was no question whether the witness participated in the offense. With respect to the statement recorded by a private citizen for which no 710.30 notice was provided, the court wrote:

… [W]e agree with our dissenting colleagues that the citizen in this case was acting as a police agent at the time she recorded the statements inasmuch as she was acting “at the instigation of the police . . . to further a police objective” … .

We respectfully disagree with our dissenting colleagues, however, on the issue whether the failure to provide the CPL 710.30 notice warrants preclusion of those statements. We conclude that it does not. Where, as here, there is “no colorable basis for suppression of the statement, the failure to give notice [constitutes] a mere irregularity not warranting preclusion” … . In our view, there is no colorable basis for suppression of defendant’s statements to the private citizen. There is no dispute that defendant voluntarily went to the citizen’s home and that he was interested in pursuing a romantic relationship with her. During the entire conversation, wherein defendant admitted committing the homicide, the private citizen made no explicit or implicit promises that she would engage in sexual relations with defendant. Rather, it was defendant who offered to tell her anything she wanted to know after she expressed that she was afraid of him, and then provided her with all of the details concerning the homicide. We thus conclude that the private citizen did not make any statement or engage in any conduct that “create[d] a substantial risk that . . . defendant might falsely incriminate himself”… . ​People v Albert, 2019 NY Slip Op 03227, Fourth Dept 4-26-19

 

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DEFENDANT’S CONVICTIONS FOR PREDATORY SEXUAL ASSAULT AGAINST A CHILD AND RAPE AFFIRMED UNDER A WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE ANALYSIS, THE DISSENT, APPLYING A WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE ANALYSIS, ARGUED THE EVIDENCE DID NOT RISE TO THE LEVEL OF BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT (FOURTH DEPT).

The Fourth Department, in an extensive, fact-specific decision, over a dissent, affirmed defendant’s predatory sexual assault against a child and rape first degree convictions. The child was four when the alleged incident occurred and 11 at the time of the third trial. There was a hung jury in the first trial and the conviction after the second trial was reversed based upon the judge’s handling of a jury note. The principal physical evidence was sperm found on the child’s underwear. No semen was found on the underwear or on the child. There was no injury to the child’s genitals. The defense theory was that the sperm was transferred to the child’s underwear during a wash. The People’s expert testified such a transfer was possible. The appeal came down to a weight of the evidence analysis. The dissent argued the proof did not rise to the level of beyond a reasonable doubt, noting the absence of semen, the lack of injury, the victim’s poor memory and implausible description of the rape, the victim’s affirmative response to the prosecutor’s mistaken question about a second rape (the prosecutor mistakenly thought the two counts of rape in the indictment alleged two separate incidents), and the fact that defendant had no criminal record and no other allegation of inappropriate sexual conduct had ever been made against him. People v Garrow, 2019 NY Slip Op 03238, Fourth Dept 4-26-19

 

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STATEMENT MADE BY THE ASSAULT VICTIM 12 TO 15 MINUTES AFTER THE ASSAULT WAS PROPERLY ADMITTED AS AN EXCITED UTTERANCE (FOURTH DEPT).

The Fourth Department determined a statement made by the victim of an assault 12 to 15 minutes after the assault was admissible under the excited utterance exception to the hearsay rule:

Defendant contends … that County Court erred in permitting a prosecution witness to testify that the victim told him that “the man he was fighting with was the one that cut him” because that statement did not fall under the excited utterance exception to the rule against hearsay. We reject that contention. The victim made the statement approximately 12 to 15 minutes after the assault and while he was being treated in the prison’s infirmary. Testimony at trial established that, at the time of the statement, the victim appeared to be “emotional,” “mad,” “angry,” and “very agitated.” The statement qualified as an excited utterance inasmuch as that statement was “made shortly after the [assault and] . . . while [the victim] was under the extraordinary stress of [his] injuries” … . People v Farrington, 2019 NY Slip Op 03237, Fourth Dept 4-26-19

 

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STATEMENTS MADE AFTER DEFENDANT REQUESTED AN ATTORNEY SHOULD HAVE BEEN SUPPRESSED, ERROR WAS NOT HARMLESS (FOURTH DEPT).

The Fourth Department, reversing County Court, determined that defendant’s statements, made after he had asked for an attorney, should have been suppressed. The court further disagreed with the People’s argument that the error was harmless:

We agree with defendant, however, that County Court … erred in denying that part of his omnibus motion seeking to suppress the statements that he made while at the police station after he unequivocally asserted his right to counsel by asking, “May I have an attorney please, a lawyer?” Specifically, we conclude that the court erred in refusing to suppress the statements that defendant made to investigators during his videotaped interrogation … after requesting an attorney and the statements that defendant made on the videotape after the investigators left the interview room … .

We further conclude that, contrary to the People’s assertion, the court’s error is not harmless inasmuch as there is a “reasonable possibility that the error might have contributed to defendant’s conviction” … . The defense theory at trial was that defendant had consensual sexual contact with the victim. During the videotaped interrogation viewed by the jury, however, defendant repeatedly denied having had any sexual contact with the victim. He then admitted that he had lied, but nevertheless continued to deny that sexual contact had occurred. In addition, the prosecutor, on redirect examination of one of the investigators, elicited testimony establishing that, after the investigators left the room, defendant was recorded making an additional comment that contradicted his earlier statements. People v Jackson, 2019 NY Slip Op 03162, Fourth Dept 4-26-19

 

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A PERSON ADJUDICATED A YOUTHFUL OFFENDER CAN REFUSE TO ANSWER QUESTIONS ABOUT THE CHARGES, THE POLICE INVESTIGATION, THE PLEA AND THE ADJUDICATION, BUT CANNOT REFUSE TO ANSWER QUESTIONS ABOUT THE UNDERLYING FACTS (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department determined defendant’s youthful offender adjudication allows defendant to refuse to answer questions about the charges, the police investigation, whether she pled guilty and whether a youthful offender adjudication was made, but defendant cannot refuse to answer questions about the facts underlying the adjudication. Here plaintiff sued defendant for personal injuries stemming from a fight with defendant, which was the basis for the youthful offender adjudication:

“[A] person adjudicated a youthful offender may refuse to answer questions regarding the charges and police investigation, whether he or she pleaded guilty, and whether a youthful offender adjudication was made” … . However, “not all of the information contained within the protected records is necessarily privileged” … . The statutory grant of confidentiality afforded to official records and the information contained therein does not extend to the facts underlying the incident which gave rise to the youthful offender adjudication (see CPL 720.35[2]). Thus, an eligible youth may not refuse, on grounds of confidentiality, to answer questions about the facts underlying the subject incident, even though those facts also form the basis of his or her youthful offender adjudication … . Arma v East Islip Union Free Sch. Dist., 2019 NY Slip Op 03019, Second Dept 4-24-19

 

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