You are here: / Environmental Law

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION (DEC) HAS THE POWER TO UNILATERALLY UNDERTAKE THE REMEDIATION OF A HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE, WITHOUT THE PARTICIPATION OF THE CORPORATION WHICH RELEASED THE WASTE (CT APP).

The Court of Appeals, in a full-fledged opinion by Judge Wilson, reversing the Appellate Division, determined the Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) had the power to unilaterally undertake the remediation of a hazardous waste site, without the participation of the corporation (FMC) which released the waste. The fact that FMC had been operating under an interim permit (for 38 years) did not insulate FMC from the consequences of violating the permit.

The only reasonable interpretation consistent with the statutory scheme and legislative purpose is that permittees and prospective permittees who exceed the terms of their permit or violate the performance standards required of those operating under interim status violate [Environmental Conservation Law (ECL) section 27—0914. * * *

,,, [T]itle 13 [of the ECL] provides an avenue for DEC to use the state superfund to unilaterally remediate the relevant properties … . …[T]hat statute requires DEC, absent exigent circumstances, to have first made “all reasonable efforts to secure voluntary agreement to pay the costs of necessary remedial actions from owners” … . … Here, DEC’s conducting a year of negotiations only to be told that FMC cannot see any mutually-agreed upon path forward is more than the statute requires. The statute’s other requirement—that DEC later make “all reasonable efforts to recover the full amount of any funds expended” … —will be fulfilled in a CERCLA cost recovery action in federal district court. That action will provide FMC with an opportunity for a hearing to dispute its liability, as DEC has repeatedly acknowledged throughout the course of this proceeding. Matter of FMC Corp. v New York State Dept. of Envtl. Conservation, 2018 NY Slip Op 03094, CtApp 5-1-18

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW (HAZARDOUS WASTE, DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION (DEC) HAS THE POWER TO UNILATERALLY UNDERTAKE THE REMEDIATION OF A HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE, WITHOUT THE PARTICIPATION OF THE CORPORATION WHICH RELEASED THE WASTE (CT APP))/HAZARDOUS WASTE (ENVIRONMENTAL LAW, DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION (DEC) HAS THE POWER TO UNILATERALLY UNDERTAKE THE REMEDIATION OF A HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE, WITHOUT THE PARTICIPATION OF THE CORPORATION WHICH RELEASED THE WASTE (CT APP))/REMEDIATION (HAZARDOUS WASTE, ENVIRONMENTAL LAW,  DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION (DEC) HAS THE POWER TO UNILATERALLY UNDERTAKE THE REMEDIATION OF A HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE, WITHOUT THE PARTICIPATION OF THE CORPORATION WHICH RELEASED THE WASTE (CT APP))

, , ,

TRANSFER OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS (TDR) COMPONENT OF TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN WAS NOT PROPERLY ADOPTED UNDER THE GENERAL MUNICIPAL LAW (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the transfer of development rights (TDR) component of its comprehensive plan was not properly adopted under the General Municipal Law:

The instant hybrid proceeding/action challenges the Town Board’s adoption of Local Law No. 12 (2005), which amended the Town’s zoning code to implement the transfer of development rights component of the Comprehensive Plan (hereinafter the TDR law). The TDR law designated the property subject to the petitioner’s site plan application as a sending district, meaning that it was an area of land from which development rights were to be transferred to receiving districts … . …

“General Municipal Law § 239-m provides that a proposed amendment of a zoning ordinance by a town must be referred to the county planning agency if the amendment affects real property located within 500 feet of the boundary of any city, village, or town”… . That statute requires a town to refer a “full statement”…  of its proposed action, which is defined as including “the complete text of the proposed ordinance or local law,” to the relevant county planning agency … .

Here, the Town Board adopted a resolution on January 19, 2005, in which it directed the Town Clerk to publish a copy of the final draft of the TDR law and notice of a hearing to be held 10 days later regarding the proposal. Around that time, the Town Board attempted to refer the proposed TDR law to the Suffolk County Planning Commission (hereinafter the Planning Commission) in accordance with General Municipal Law § 239-m. The Planning Commission, however, responded by letter dated February 9, 2005, in which it explained that the proposed TDR law would “not be reviewed until the following information is submitted through the offices of the municipal referring agency. Complete revised text of proposed TDR amendment.” There is no evidence in the record contradicting the Planning Commission’s statement that it never received the text of the proposed TDR law. Consequently, the Town Board failed to refer a “full statement” of its proposed TDR law before enacting it as required under the statute … . Matter of Calverton Manor, LLC v Town of Riverhead, 2018 NY Slip Op 02611, Second Dept 4-18-18

​ENVIRONMENTAL LAW (TRANSFER OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS (TDR) COMPONENT OF TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN WAS NOT PROPERLY ADOPTED UNDER THE GENERAL MUNICIPAL LAW (SECOND DEPT))/MUNICIPAL LAW (TRANSFER OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS (TDR) COMPONENT OF TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN WAS NOT PROPERLY ADOPTED UNDER THE GENERAL MUNICIPAL LAW (SECOND DEPT))/ZONING  (TRANSFER OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS (TDR) COMPONENT OF TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN WAS NOT PROPERLY ADOPTED UNDER THE GENERAL MUNICIPAL LAW (SECOND DEPT))/LAND USE (TRANSFER OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS (TDR) COMPONENT OF TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN WAS NOT PROPERLY ADOPTED UNDER THE GENERAL MUNICIPAL LAW (SECOND DEPT))/TRANSFER OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS LAW (TDR) (ZONING, TRANSFER OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS (TDR) COMPONENT OF TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN WAS NOT PROPERLY ADOPTED UNDER THE GENERAL MUNICIPAL LAW (SECOND DEPT))

, , ,

RURAL CORRIDOR (RLC) COMPONENT OF TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN PROPERLY ADOPTED UNDER THE GENERAL MUNICIPAL LAW, TOWN LAW, AND STATE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY REVIEW ACT (SEQRA), QUESTION OF FACT WHETHER PETITIONER’S DEVELOPMENT PROJECT APPLICATION WAS COMPLETE BEFORE THE NEW COMPREHENSIVE PLAN WAS ADOPTED, ENTITLING PETITIONER TO THE APPLICATION OF THE PRIOR LAW (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department determined the town properly implemented the Rural Corridor (RLC) component of its comprehensive plan under the General Municipal Law, Town Law, State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA) and the implementation was a proper exercise of the town’s zoning and police powers. The court further determined there were questions of fact whether petitioner’s development project application was completed before the new comprehensive plan was adopted, entitling petitioner to consideration of the plan under the law at the time the application was completed:

Here, the stated purpose of the RLC law was “to allow a very limited range of roadside shops and services that are compatible with the agricultural and rural setting along major arterial roads, such as New York State Route 25, leading into Downtown Riverhead and areas zoned Hamlet Center (HC) or Village Center (VC).” Contrary to the petitioner’s arguments, the RLC law’s designation of property along New York State Route 25 a few miles west of the hamlet of Riverhead as a rural corridor zone bore a rational relationship to its stated objective.

Although the general rule is that a court should apply the zoning provisions in effect at the time it renders its decision … , pursuant to the “special facts” exception, a court may apply the law in effect at the time the landowner’s application was made. The special facts exception may be applied where the landowner “establishes entitlement as a matter of right to the underlying land use application,” and “extensive delay[ ] indicative of bad faith . . . unjustifiable actions by the municipal officials . . . or abuse of administrative procedures”… .

The record contains inconsistencies as to whether the petitioner’s application was a “completed application” when it submitted the last revised version of its site plan application in September 2003. There is evidence in the record that the petitioner needed to make additional revisions before the application could be treated as a “completed application” under the Town’s rules, meaning that the petitioner was not entitled as a matter of right to the underlying land use application… . However, there is evidence in the record that the Town Board had determined the application to be a “completed application” when it was submitted in September 2003, meaning the Town Board may have delayed processing the petitioner’s application in a manner indicative of bad faith … . Matter of Calverton Manor, LLC v Town of Riverhead, 2018 NY Slip Op 02610, Second Dept 4-18-18

​ENVIRONMENTAL LAW (RURAL CORRIDOR (RLC) COMPONENT OF TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN PROPERLY ADOPTED UNDER THE GENERAL MUNICIPAL LAW, TOWN LAW, AND STATE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY REVIEW ACT (SEQRA), QUESTION OF FACT WHETHER PETITIONER’S DEVELOPMENT PROJECT APPLICATION WAS COMPLETE BEFORE THE NEW COMPREHENSIVE PLAN WAS ADOPTED, ENTITLING PETITIONER TO THE APPLICATION OF THE PRIOR LAW (SECOND DEPT))/MUNICIPAL LAW (RURAL CORRIDOR (RLC) COMPONENT OF TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN PROPERLY ADOPTED UNDER THE GENERAL MUNICIPAL LAW, TOWN LAW, AND STATE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY REVIEW ACT (SEQRA), QUESTION OF FACT WHETHER PETITIONER’S DEVELOPMENT PROJECT APPLICATION WAS COMPLETE BEFORE THE NEW COMPREHENSIVE PLAN WAS ADOPTED, ENTITLING PETITIONER TO THE APPLICATION OF THE PRIOR LAW (SECOND DEPT))/ZONING (RURAL CORRIDOR (RLC) COMPONENT OF TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN PROPERLY ADOPTED UNDER THE GENERAL MUNICIPAL LAW, TOWN LAW, AND STATE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY REVIEW ACT (SEQRA), QUESTION OF FACT WHETHER PETITIONER’S DEVELOPMENT PROJECT APPLICATION WAS COMPLETE BEFORE THE NEW COMPREHENSIVE PLAN WAS ADOPTED, ENTITLING PETITIONER TO THE APPLICATION OF THE PRIOR LAW (SECOND DEPT))/LAND USE (RURAL CORRIDOR (RLC) COMPONENT OF TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN PROPERLY ADOPTED UNDER THE GENERAL MUNICIPAL LAW, TOWN LAW, AND STATE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY REVIEW ACT (SEQRA), QUESTION OF FACT WHETHER PETITIONER’S DEVELOPMENT PROJECT APPLICATION WAS COMPLETE BEFORE THE NEW COMPREHENSIVE PLAN WAS ADOPTED, ENTITLING PETITIONER TO THE APPLICATION OF THE PRIOR LAW (SECOND DEPT))/RURAL CORRIDOR LAW (RLC)  (RURAL CORRIDOR (RLC) COMPONENT OF TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN PROPERLY ADOPTED UNDER THE GENERAL MUNICIPAL LAW, TOWN LAW, AND STATE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY REVIEW ACT (SEQRA), QUESTION OF FACT WHETHER PETITIONER’S DEVELOPMENT PROJECT APPLICATION WAS COMPLETE BEFORE THE NEW COMPREHENSIVE PLAN WAS ADOPTED, ENTITLING PETITIONER TO THE APPLICATION OF THE PRIOR LAW (SECOND DEPT))/SPECIAL FACTS EXCEPTION SPECIAL FACTS EXCEPTION (ZONING, LAND USE, COMPREHENSIVE PLAN, QUESTION OF FACT WHETHER PETITIONER’S DEVELOPMENT PROJECT APPLICATION WAS COMPLETE BEFORE THE NEW COMPREHENSIVE PLAN WAS ADOPTED, ENTITLING PETITIONER TO THE APPLICATION OF THE PRIOR LAW (SECOND DEPT))

, , ,

AGRICULTURAL PROTECTION ZONE (APZ) COMPONENT OF TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN PROPERLY ADOPTED UNDER THE GENERAL MUNICIPAL LAW, TOWN LAW, AND STATE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY REVIEW ACT (SEQRA), QUESTION OF FACT WHETHER PETITIONER’S DEVELOPMENT PROJECT APPLICATION WAS COMPLETE BEFORE THE NEW COMPREHENSIVE PLAN WAS ADOPTED, ENTITLING PETITIONER TO THE APPLICATION OF THE PRIOR LAW (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department determined the town properly implemented the Agricultural Protection Zone (APZ) component of its comprehensive plan under the General Municipal Law, Town Law, State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA) and the implementation was a proper exercise of the town’s zoning and police powers. The court further determined there were questions of fact whether petitioner’s development project application was completed before the new comprehensive plan was adopted, entitling petitioner to consideration of the plan under the law at the time the application was completed:

Although the general rule is that a court should apply the zoning provisions in effect at the time it renders its decision … , pursuant to the “special facts” exception, a court may apply the law in effect at the time the landowner’s application was made. The special facts exception may be applied where the landowner “establishes entitlement as a matter of right to the underlying land use application,” and “extensive delay[ ] indicative of bad faith . . . unjustifiable actions by the municipal officials . . . or abuse of administrative procedures”… .

The record contains inconsistencies as to whether the petitioner’s application was a “completed application” when it submitted the last revised version of its site plan application in September 2003. There is evidence in the record that the petitioner needed to make additional revisions before the application could be treated as a “completed application” under the Town’s rules, meaning that the petitioner was not entitled as a matter of right to the underlying land use application… . However, there is evidence in the record that the Town Board had determined the application to be a “completed application” when it was submitted in September 2003, meaning the Town Board may have delayed processing the petitioner’s application in a manner indicative of bad faith … . Matter of Calverton Manor, LLC v Town of Riverhead, 2018 NY Slip Op 02609, Second Dept 4-18-18

​ENVIRONMENTAL LAW (AGRICULTURAL PROTECTION ZONE (APZ) COMPONENT OF TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN PROPERLY ADOPTED UNDER THE GENERAL MUNICIPAL LAW, TOWN LAW, AND STATE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY REVIEW ACT (SEQRA), QUESTION OF FACT WHETHER PETITIONER’S DEVELOPMENT PROJECT APPLICATION WAS COMPLETE BEFORE THE NEW COMPREHENSIVE PLAN WAS ADOPTED, ENTITLING PETITIONER TO THE APPLICATION OF THE PRIOR LAW (SECOND DEPT))/MUNICIPAL LAW (AGRICULTURAL PROTECTION ZONE (APZ) COMPONENT OF TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN PROPERLY ADOPTED UNDER THE GENERAL MUNICIPAL LAW, TOWN LAW, AND STATE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY REVIEW ACT (SEQRA), QUESTION OF FACT WHETHER PETITIONER’S DEVELOPMENT PROJECT APPLICATION WAS COMPLETE BEFORE THE NEW COMPREHENSIVE PLAN WAS ADOPTED, ENTITLING PETITIONER TO THE APPLICATION OF THE PRIOR LAW (SECOND DEPT))/ZONING (AGRICULTURAL PROTECTION ZONE (APZ) COMPONENT OF TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN PROPERLY ADOPTED UNDER THE GENERAL MUNICIPAL LAW, TOWN LAW, AND STATE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY REVIEW ACT (SEQRA), QUESTION OF FACT WHETHER PETITIONER’S DEVELOPMENT PROJECT APPLICATION WAS COMPLETE BEFORE THE NEW COMPREHENSIVE PLAN WAS ADOPTED, ENTITLING PETITIONER TO THE APPLICATION OF THE PRIOR LAW (SECOND DEPT))/LAND USE (AGRICULTURAL PROTECTION ZONE (APZ) COMPONENT OF TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN PROPERLY ADOPTED UNDER THE GENERAL MUNICIPAL LAW, TOWN LAW, AND STATE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY REVIEW ACT (SEQRA), QUESTION OF FACT WHETHER PETITIONER’S DEVELOPMENT PROJECT APPLICATION WAS COMPLETE BEFORE THE NEW COMPREHENSIVE PLAN WAS ADOPTED, ENTITLING PETITIONER TO THE APPLICATION OF THE PRIOR LAW (SECOND DEPT))/AGRICULTURAL PROTECTION ZONE (APZ)  (AGRICULTURAL PROTECTION ZONE (APZ) COMPONENT OF TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN PROPERLY ADOPTED UNDER THE GENERAL MUNICIPAL LAW, TOWN LAW, AND STATE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY REVIEW ACT (SEQRA), QUESTION OF FACT WHETHER PETITIONER’S DEVELOPMENT PROJECT APPLICATION WAS COMPLETE BEFORE THE NEW COMPREHENSIVE PLAN WAS ADOPTED, ENTITLING PETITIONER TO THE APPLICATION OF THE PRIOR LAW (SECOND DEPT))/SPECIAL FACTS EXCEPTION (ZONING, LAND USE, COMPREHENSIVE PLAN, QUESTION OF FACT WHETHER PETITIONER’S DEVELOPMENT PROJECT APPLICATION WAS COMPLETE BEFORE THE NEW COMPREHENSIVE PLAN WAS ADOPTED, ENTITLING PETITIONER TO THE APPLICATION OF THE PRIOR LAW (SECOND DEPT))

, , ,

TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN, WHICH WAS ADOPTED WHILE PETITIONER’S DEVELOPMENT PROJECT APPLICATION WAS PENDING AND NEGATIVELY AFFECTED IT, WAS PROPERLY ADOPTED UNDER THE GENERAL MUNICIPAL LAW, TOWN LAW AND STATE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY REVIEW ACT (SEQRA), AND WAS A VALID EXERCISE OF THE TOWN’S POLICE AND ZONING POWERS (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department determined that the town’s comprehensive plan, which was adopted while petitioner’s development project application was pending and negatively affected the project, was properly adopted under the General Municipal Law and Town Law, did not violate the State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA), and was a constitutional exercise of the police and zoning powers:

Prior to adopting a comprehensive plan, a town board must “refer the proposed comprehensive plan or any amendment thereto to the county planning board or agency or regional planning council for review and recommendation as required by” General Municipal Law § 239-m (Town Law § 272-a[5][b]). General Municipal Law § 239-m, in turn, requires a town to “submit to the county planning agency a full statement of such proposed action'” … . …

We agree with the Supreme Court that the Town Board complied with the procedural and substantive requirements of SEQRA. First, ” SEQRA mandates literal compliance with its procedural requirements and substantial compliance is insufficient to discharge the responsibility of the agency under the act'” … . …

Second, ” [j]udicial review of an agency determination under SEQRA is limited to whether the agency procedures were lawful and whether the agency identified the relevant areas of environmental concern, took a hard look at them, and made a reasoned elaboration of the basis for its determination'” … .. “The agency decision should be annulled only if it is arbitrary, capricious, or unsupported by the evidence” … . …

Here, the Comprehensive Plan’s proposed designation of a largely contiguous swath of cultivated and undeveloped land as an agricultural protected zone bore a rational relationship to numerous legitimate purposes, including, but not limited to, the preservation and promotion of agriculture … . Matter of Calverton Manor, LLC v Town of Riverhead, 2018 NY Slip Op 02608, Second Dept 4-18-18

​ENVIRONMENTAL LAW (TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN, WHICH WAS ADOPTED WHILE PETITIONER’S DEVELOPMENT PROJECT APPLICATION WAS PENDING AND NEGATIVELY AFFECTED IT, WAS PROPERLY ADOPTED UNDER THE GENERAL MUNICIPAL LAW, TOWN LAW AND STATE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY REVIEW ACT (SEQRA), AND WAS A VALID EXERCISE OF THE TOWN’S POLICE AND ZONING POWERS (SECOND DEPT))/MUNICIPAL LAW (TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN, WHICH WAS ADOPTED WHILE PETITIONER’S DEVELOPMENT PROJECT APPLICATION WAS PENDING AND NEGATIVELY AFFECTED IT, WAS PROPERLY ADOPTED UNDER THE GENERAL MUNICIPAL LAW, TOWN LAW AND STATE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY REVIEW ACT (SEQRA), AND WAS A VALID EXERCISE OF THE TOWN’S POLICE AND ZONING POWERS (SECOND DEPT))/ZONING (TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN, WHICH WAS ADOPTED WHILE PETITIONER’S DEVELOPMENT PROJECT APPLICATION WAS PENDING AND NEGATIVELY AFFECTED IT, WAS PROPERLY ADOPTED UNDER THE GENERAL MUNICIPAL LAW, TOWN LAW AND STATE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY REVIEW ACT (SEQRA), AND WAS A VALID EXERCISE OF THE TOWN’S POLICE AND ZONING POWERS (SECOND DEPT))/LAND USE (TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN, WHICH WAS ADOPTED WHILE PETITIONER’S DEVELOPMENT PROJECT APPLICATION WAS PENDING AND NEGATIVELY AFFECTED IT, WAS PROPERLY ADOPTED UNDER THE GENERAL MUNICIPAL LAW, TOWN LAW AND STATE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY REVIEW ACT (SEQRA), AND WAS A VALID EXERCISE OF THE TOWN’S POLICE AND ZONING POWERS (SECOND DEPT))/COMPREHENSIVE PLAN  (TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN, WHICH WAS ADOPTED WHILE PETITIONER’S DEVELOPMENT PROJECT APPLICATION WAS PENDING AND NEGATIVELY AFFECTED IT, WAS PROPERLY ADOPTED UNDER THE GENERAL MUNICIPAL LAW, TOWN LAW AND STATE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY REVIEW ACT (SEQRA), AND WAS A VALID EXERCISE OF THE TOWN’S POLICE AND ZONING POWERS (SECOND DEPT))/STATE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY REVIEW ACT (SEQRA)  (TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN, WHICH WAS ADOPTED WHILE PETITIONER’S DEVELOPMENT PROJECT APPLICATION WAS PENDING AND NEGATIVELY AFFECTED IT, WAS PROPERLY ADOPTED UNDER THE GENERAL MUNICIPAL LAW, TOWN LAW AND STATE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY REVIEW ACT (SEQRA), AND WAS A VALID EXERCISE OF THE TOWN’S POLICE AND ZONING POWERS (SECOND DEPT))

AFTER THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION (DEC) AND THE PERMIT APPLICANT CAME TO AN AGREEMENT, A REQUEST BY AFFECTED PROPERTY OWNERS FOR FURTHER ADJUDICATION OF ISSUES RELATING TO THE APPROVAL OF TWO DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN THE CATSKILLS WAS PROPERLY DENIED BY THE DEC COMMISSIONER (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, in a full-fledged opinion by Justice Mulvey, addressing many substantive issues not summarized here, determined the Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Commissioner’s rulings approving two development projects in the Catskills were proper. The DEC and the permit applicant were in agreement. Only the petitioners (apparently an alliance of affected property owners) were requesting further review, including a request for the adjudication of “substantive and significant” issues (which was denied). The court explained the criteria for further adjudication in this context:

Where, as here, there is no dispute between DEC staff and the permit applicant, adjudication is required only if the issue is “both substantive and significant” … . “An issue is substantive if there is sufficient doubt about the applicant’s ability to meet statutory or regulatory criteria applicable to the project, such that a reasonable person would require further inquiry” … . “An issue is significant if it has the potential to result in the denial of a permit, a major modification to the proposed project or the imposition of significant permit conditions in addition to those proposed in the draft permit” … . “The resolution of whether an issue is substantive and significant requiring an adjudicatory hearing is left to the Commissioner and will not be disturbed absent a showing that it is predicated upon an error of law, is arbitrary or capricious, or represents an abuse of discretion” … . Further, where “‘the judgment of the agency involves factual evaluations in the area of the agency’s expertise and is supported by the record, such judgment must be accorded great weight and judicial deference'” … . Matter of Catskill Heritage Alliance, Inc. v New York State Dept. of Envtl. Conservation, 2018 NY Slip Op 02516, Third Dept 4-12-18

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW (AFTER THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION (DEC) AND THE PERMIT APPLICANT CAME TO AN AGREEMENT, A REQUEST BY AFFECTED PROPERTY OWNERS FOR FURTHER ADJUDICATION OF ISSUES RELATING TO THE APPROVAL OF TWO DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN THE CATSKILLS WAS PROPERLY DENIED BY THE DEC COMMISSIONER (THIRD DEPT))/ADJUDICATION, REQUEST FOR (ENVIRONMENTAL LAW, AFTER THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION (DEC) AND THE PERMIT APPLICANT CAME TO AN AGREEMENT, A REQUEST BY AFFECTED PROPERTY OWNERS FOR FURTHER ADJUDICATION OF ISSUES RELATING TO THE APPROVAL OF TWO DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN THE CATSKILLS WAS PROPERLY DENIED BY THE DEC COMMISSIONER (THIRD DEPT))/DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION (DEC) (AFTER THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION (DEC) AND THE PERMIT APPLICANT CAME TO AN AGREEMENT, A REQUEST BY AFFECTED PROPERTY OWNERS FOR FURTHER ADJUDICATION OF ISSUES RELATING TO THE APPROVAL OF TWO DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN THE CATSKILLS WAS PROPERLY DENIED BY THE DEC COMMISSIONER (THIRD DEPT))

AFTER THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION (DEC) AND THE PERMIT APPLICANT CAME TO AN AGREEMENT, A REQUEST BY AFFECTED PROPERTY OWNERS FOR FURTHER ADJUDICATION OF ISSUES RELATING TO THE APPROVAL OF TWO DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN THE CATSKILLS WAS PROPERLY DENIED BY THE DEC COMMISSIONER (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, in a full-fledged opinion by Justice Mulvey, addressing many substantive issues not summarized here, determined the Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Commissioner’s rulings approving two development projects in the Catskills were proper. The DEC and the permit applicant were in agreement. Only the petitioners (apparently an alliance of affected property owners) were requesting further review, including a request for the adjudication of “substantive and significant” issues (which was denied). The court explained the criteria for further adjudication in this context:

Where, as here, there is no dispute between DEC staff and the permit applicant, adjudication is required only if the issue is “both substantive and significant” … . “An issue is substantive if there is sufficient doubt about the applicant’s ability to meet statutory or regulatory criteria applicable to the project, such that a reasonable person would require further inquiry” … . “An issue is significant if it has the potential to result in the denial of a permit, a major modification to the proposed project or the imposition of significant permit conditions in addition to those proposed in the draft permit” … . “The resolution of whether an issue is substantive and significant requiring an adjudicatory hearing is left to the Commissioner and will not be disturbed absent a showing that it is predicated upon an error of law, is arbitrary or capricious, or represents an abuse of discretion” … . Further, where “‘the judgment of the agency involves factual evaluations in the area of the agency’s expertise and is supported by the record, such judgment must be accorded great weight and judicial deference'” … . Matter of Catskill Heritage Alliance, Inc. v New York State Dept. of Envtl. Conservation, 2018 NY Slip Op 02516, Third Dept 4-12-18

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW (AFTER THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION (DEC) AND THE PERMIT APPLICANT CAME TO AN AGREEMENT, A REQUEST BY AFFECTED PROPERTY OWNERS FOR FURTHER ADJUDICATION OF ISSUES RELATING TO THE APPROVAL OF TWO DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN THE CATSKILLS WAS PROPERLY DENIED BY THE DEC COMMISSIONER (THIRD DEPT))/ADJUDICATION, REQUEST FOR (ENVIRONMENTAL LAW, AFTER THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION (DEC) AND THE PERMIT APPLICANT CAME TO AN AGREEMENT, A REQUEST BY AFFECTED PROPERTY OWNERS FOR FURTHER ADJUDICATION OF ISSUES RELATING TO THE APPROVAL OF TWO DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN THE CATSKILLS WAS PROPERLY DENIED BY THE DEC COMMISSIONER (THIRD DEPT))/DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION (DEC) (AFTER THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION (DEC) AND THE PERMIT APPLICANT CAME TO AN AGREEMENT, A REQUEST BY AFFECTED PROPERTY OWNERS FOR FURTHER ADJUDICATION OF ISSUES RELATING TO THE APPROVAL OF TWO DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN THE CATSKILLS WAS PROPERLY DENIED BY THE DEC COMMISSIONER (THIRD DEPT))

, , ,

TOWN’S SITE PLAN REVIEW LAW IS CONSISTENT WITH THE TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN AND IS A VALID SUBSTITUTE FOR ZONING ORDINANCES, TOWN PLANNING BOARD HAD THE AUTHORITY TO IMPOSE CONDITIONS ON THE STORAGE OF FIREWOOD UNDER THE SITE PLAN REVIEW LAW (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined that the town’s Site Plan Review Law was a valid substitute for zoning ordinances and explained the difference. The court also explained the meaning of a “comprehensive plan” in this context. In the underlying action the petitioners contested certain conditions placed upon the storage and sale of firewood imposed by the town planning board and argued that the planning board did not have the authority, under the Site Plan Review Law, to impose the conditions:

The primary goal of a zoning ordinance must be to provide for the development of a balanced, cohesive community which will make efficient use of the town’s available land” … . In contrast, site plan review reflects “public interest in environmental and aesthetic considerations, the need to increase the attractiveness of commercial and industrial areas in order to invite economic investment, and the traditional impulse for controls that might preserve the character and value of neighboring residential areas” … . Site plan review furthers those ends by “permit[ting] municipalities to regulate the development and improvement of individual parcels in a manner not covered under the usual provisions of building and zoning codes which establish specific standards for construction of buildings, provide for specific limitations on use, and fix definite numerical criteria for density, building set backs and frontage and height requirements” … .

There is no statutory directive that a municipality employ both zoning and site plan review as mechanisms of land-use control. …

The trial court … relied upon the absence of zoning or other land use policies to determine that the Site Plan Review Law ran afoul of the requirement that “[a]ll town land use regulations must be in accordance with a comprehensive plan” … . A comprehensive plan “need not be contained in a single document; indeed, it need not be written at all”… . Rather, “[t]he court may satisfy itself that the municipality has a [comprehensive] plan and that authorities are acting in the public interest to further it by examining all available and relevant evidence of the municipality’s land use policies” … . Matter of Bovee v Town of Hadley Planning Bd., 2018 NY Slip Op 02387, Third Dept 4-5-18

​MUNICIPAL LAW (LAND USE, TOWN’S SITE PLAN REVIEW LAW IS CONSISTENT WITH THE TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN AND IS A VALID SUBSTITUTE FOR ZONING ORDINANCES, TOWN PLANNING BOARD HAD THE AUTHORITY TO IMPOSE CONDITIONS ON THE STORAGE OF FIREWOOD UNDER THE SITE PLAN REVIEW LAW (THIRD DEPT))/LAND USE ( TOWN’S SITE PLAN REVIEW LAW IS CONSISTENT WITH THE TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN AND IS A VALID SUBSTITUTE FOR ZONING ORDINANCES, TOWN PLANNING BOARD HAD THE AUTHORITY TO IMPOSE CONDITIONS ON THE STORAGE OF FIREWOOD UNDER THE SITE PLAN REVIEW LAW (THIRD DEPT))/ENVIRONMENTAL LAW (LAND USE, OWN’S SITE PLAN REVIEW LAW IS CONSISTENT WITH THE TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN AND IS A VALID SUBSTITUTE FOR ZONING ORDINANCES, TOWN PLANNING BOARD HAD THE AUTHORITY TO IMPOSE CONDITIONS ON THE STORAGE OF FIREWOOD UNDER THE SITE PLAN REVIEW LAW (THIRD DEPT))/ZONING (TOWN’S SITE PLAN REVIEW LAW IS CONSISTENT WITH THE TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN AND IS A VALID SUBSTITUTE FOR ZONING ORDINANCES, TOWN PLANNING BOARD HAD THE AUTHORITY TO IMPOSE CONDITIONS ON THE STORAGE OF FIREWOOD UNDER THE SITE PLAN REVIEW LAW (THIRD DEPT))/SITE PLAN REVIEW LAW (LAND USE, TOWN’S SITE PLAN REVIEW LAW IS CONSISTENT WITH THE TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN AND IS A VALID SUBSTITUTE FOR ZONING ORDINANCES, TOWN PLANNING BOARD HAD THE AUTHORITY TO IMPOSE CONDITIONS ON THE STORAGE OF FIREWOOD UNDER THE SITE PLAN REVIEW LAW (THIRD DEPT))/COMPREHENSIVE PLAN (MUNICIPAL LAW, LAND USE, TOWN’S SITE PLAN REVIEW LAW IS CONSISTENT WITH THE TOWN’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN AND IS A VALID SUBSTITUTE FOR ZONING ORDINANCES, TOWN PLANNING BOARD HAD THE AUTHORITY TO IMPOSE CONDITIONS ON THE STORAGE OF FIREWOOD UNDER THE SITE PLAN REVIEW LAW (THIRD DEPT))

, ,

VILLAGE CODE ENFORCEMENT OFFICER CHARGED WITH RECEIVING A BRIBE AND ENDANGERING THE PUBLIC HEALTH IN CONNECTION WITH THE DEMOLITION OF A BUILDING CONTAINING ASBESTOS, CHARGES SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN DISMISSED IN THE INTEREST OF JUSTICE PURSUANT TO CPL 210.40 (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined Supreme Court abused its discretion in dismissing a case in the interest of justice pursuant to Criminal Procedure Law 210.40. Defendant, a village code enforcement officer, was charged (along with the village mayor) with receiving a bribe and endangering the public health (among several other charges) in connection with the demolition of a building containing asbestos without proper abatement and approval. The mayor had pled guilty to three misdemeanors:

… [O]ur review of the record discloses that some factors certainly militate in favor of defendant — his lack of a criminal record or history of misconduct and the fact that he was removed from his position as the Code Enforcement Officer for the Village. They are, however, not wholly dispositive in this case … . … [W]e find that the court improvidently exercised its discretion in granting defendant’s motion inasmuch as this case does not present “extraordinary and compelling circumstance[s] . . . which cry out for fundamental justice” … . …

We do not … share the court’s view that it was unclear from the record that there was no harm to the environment or to individuals in the vicinity of the demolished building … . The record evidence demonstrates that due to the demolition, the asbestos — a legislatively-recognized carcinogenic agent …  — became friable, meaning that it could crumble and create a dust. More to the point, the record evidence reveals that not only did the dust that was created as a consequence of the demolition lead to the stopping of nearby traffic, workers associated with the demolition were exposed to it. Indeed, one worker stated that, based on his experience as a contractor, he believed that asbestos was present. …

We also find that Supreme Court incorrectly assessed that dismissing the indictment would have a minimal impact upon the confidence of the public in the criminal justice system … inasmuch as permitting a public servant to elude prosecution for an alleged abuse of his or her position’s power cannot be said to foster public confidence … . …

We do not agree with Supreme Court that imposing an authorized sentence upon defendant “would serve absolutely no purpose” had he been tried and convicted of the charged crimes … . To the contrary, deterring individuals from committing a similar crime in the future is a goal served by sentencing a defendant who has been convicted of a crime … . People v Snowden, 2018 NY Slip Op 02369, Third Dept 4-5-18

​CRIMINAL LAW (INTEREST OF JUSTICE DISMISSAL, VILLAGE CODE ENFORCEMENT OFFICER CHARGED WITH RECEIVING A BRIBE AND ENDANGERING THE PUBLIC HEALTH IN CONNECTION WITH THE DEMOLITION OF A BUILDING CONTAINING ASBESTOS, CHARGES SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN DISMISSED IN THE INTEREST OF JUSTICE PURSUANT TO CPL 210.40 (THIRD DEPT))/ENVIRONMENTAL LAW (CRIMINAL LAW, VILLAGE CODE ENFORCEMENT OFFICER CHARGED WITH RECEIVING A BRIBE AND ENDANGERING THE PUBLIC HEALTH IN CONNECTION WITH THE DEMOLITION OF A BUILDING CONTAINING ASBESTOS, CHARGES SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN DISMISSED IN THE INTEREST OF JUSTICE PURSUANT TO CPL 210.40 (THIRD DEPT))/MUNICIPAL LAW (CRIMINAL LAW,  VILLAGE CODE ENFORCEMENT OFFICER CHARGED WITH RECEIVING A BRIBE AND ENDANGERING THE PUBLIC HEALTH IN CONNECTION WITH THE DEMOLITION OF A BUILDING CONTAINING ASBESTOS, CHARGES SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN DISMISSED IN THE INTEREST OF JUSTICE PURSUANT TO CPL 210.40 (THIRD DEPT))/INTEREST OF JUSTICE (CRIMINAL LAW, VILLAGE CODE ENFORCEMENT OFFICER CHARGED WITH RECEIVING A BRIBE AND ENDANGERING THE PUBLIC HEALTH IN CONNECTION WITH THE DEMOLITION OF A BUILDING CONTAINING ASBESTOS, CHARGES SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN DISMISSED IN THE INTEREST OF JUSTICE PURSUANT TO CPL 210.40 (THIRD DEPT))/CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW 240.10 (INTEREST OF JUSTICE DISMISSAL, VILLAGE CODE ENFORCEMENT OFFICER CHARGED WITH RECEIVING A BRIBE AND ENDANGERING THE PUBLIC HEALTH IN CONNECTION WITH THE DEMOLITION OF A BUILDING CONTAINING ASBESTOS, CHARGES SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN DISMISSED IN THE INTEREST OF JUSTICE PURSUANT TO CPL 210.40 (THIRD DEPT))

,

IN THIS LONG TERM ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION CASE, THE INSURER IS NOT LIABLE TO THE INSURED FOR LOSSES ATTRIBUTABLE TO TIME PERIODS WHEN LIABILITY INSURANCE WAS UNAVAILABLE (CT APP).

The Court of Appeals, affirming the Appellate Division, in a full-fledged opinion by Judge Stein, determined the insured, Keyspan Gas, not the insurer, Century, bore the risk of damages from environmental contamination during the years that coverage for such damage was not available:

The liability underlying this insurance dispute emanates from environmental contamination caused by manufactured gas plants (MGPs) owned and operated by KeySpan’s predecessor … .Gas production at the sites began in the late 1880s and early 1900s. After operations ceased decades later, the New York Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) determined that there had been long-term, gradual environmental damage at both sites due to contaminants, such as tar, seeping nto the ground and leeching into groundwater. The DEC required KeySpan to undertake costly remediation efforts … . …

… [Environmental contamination] coverage was not available to utilities until approximately 1925, and … a “sudden and accidental pollution exclusion” was later generally adopted by the insurance industry sometime in or after October 1970. Thus, KeySpan argued, the allocation should not take into account any years prior to the availability, or after the unavailability, of the applicable coverage. * * *

… [T]he Appellate Division … [held] that “under the insurance policies at issue, Century does not have to indemnify KeySpan for losses that are attributable to time periods when liability insurance was otherwise unavailable in the marketplace” … . * * *

The policyholder is the one who allegedly caused the injury and, therefore, who ultimately will be financially responsible should insurance prove insufficient” … . …

… “[T]he very essence of pro rata allocation is that the insurance policy language limits indemnification to losses and occurrences during the policy period” … . Keyspan Gas E. Corp. v Munich Reins. Am., Inc., 2018 NY Slip Op 02116, CtApp 3-27-18

INSURANCE LAW (IN THIS LONG TERM ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION CASE, THE INSURER IS NOT LIABLE TO THE INSURED FOR LOSSES ATTRIBUTABLE TO TIME PERIODS WHEN LIABILITY INSURANCE WAS UNAVAILABLE (CT APP))/ENVIRONMENTAL LAW (INSURANCE LAW, IN THIS LONG TERM ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION CASE, THE INSURER IS NOT LIABLE TO THE INSURED FOR LOSSES ATTRIBUTABLE TO TIME PERIODS WHEN LIABILITY INSURANCE WAS UNAVAILABLE (CT APP))/POLLUTION (INSURANCE LAW, (IN THIS LONG TERM ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION CASE, THE INSURER IS NOT LIABLE TO THE INSURED FOR LOSSES ATTRIBUTABLE TO TIME PERIODS WHEN LIABILITY INSURANCE WAS UNAVAILABLE (CT APP))/UTILITIES (INSURANCE LAW, ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION, IN THIS LONG TERM ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION CASE, THE INSURER IS NOT LIABLE TO THE INSURED FOR LOSSES ATTRIBUTABLE TO TIME PERIODS WHEN LIABILITY INSURANCE WAS UNAVAILABLE (CT APP))

Categories

Sign Up for the Mailing List to Be Notified When the Site Is Updated.

  • This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.

Copyright © 2026 New York Appellate Digest, Inc.
Site by CurlyHost | Privacy Policy