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INDICATING INCONSISTENT DECISIONS SHOULD NO LONGER BE FOLLOWED, THE SECOND DEPT DETERMINED SUPREME COURT COULD NOT DISMISS A CASE BASED ON THE FAILURE TO FILE A NOTE OF ISSUE WITHIN 90 DAYS OF THE COURT’S ORDER UNLESS THE STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS OF CPLR 3216 ARE COMPLIED WITH (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court and departing from precedent, determined that, because the court had not complied with CPLR 3216, the action had never been dismissed and plaintiff’s very late (three years) motion to restore the matter to calendar should have been granted. In January 2013 the court certified the matter ready for trial and directed plaintiff to file a note of issue within 90 days in an order which stated the failure to file the note of issue will result in dismissal without further order. Plaintiff moved to restore the matter in January, 2016:

… [T]he court order which purported to serve as a 90-day notice pursuant to CPLR 3216 “was defective in that it failed to state that the plaintiff’s failure to comply with the notice will serve as a basis for a motion’ by the court to dismiss the action for failure to prosecute”… . Moreover, the record contains no evidence that the court ever made a motion to dismiss, or that there was an “order” of the court dismissing the case … , “[i]t is evident from this record that the case was ministerially dismissed,” without the court having made a motion, and “without the entry of any formal order by the court dismissing the matter” … . The procedural device of dismissing an action for failure to prosecute is a legislative creation, not a part of a court’s inherent power … , and, therefore, a court desiring to dismiss an action based upon the plaintiff’s failure to prosecute must follow the statutory preconditions under CPLR 3216.

Since the action was not properly dismissed pursuant to CPLR 3216, the Supreme Court should have granted that branch of the plaintiff’s motion which was to restore the action to the active calendar. To the extent that prior cases from this Court are inconsistent with the holding herein (see e.g. Stroll v Long Is. Jewish Med. Ctr., 151 AD3d 789; Duranti v Dream Works Constr., Inc., 139 AD3d 1000, 1000; Bender v Autism Speaks, Inc., 139 AD3d 989; Dai Mang Kim v Hwak Yung Kim, 118 AD3d 661, 661; Bhatti v Empire Realty Assoc., Inc., 101 AD3d 1066, 1067), henceforth they should no longer be followed. Element E, LLC v Allyson Enters., Inc., 2018 NY Slip Op 08915, Second Dept 12-26-18

 

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DEFENDANT BAR NOT LIABLE FOR INJURIES AND DEATH OF PLAINTIFF’S DECEDENT RESULTING FROM AN ALTERCATION ON A PUBLIC ROAD IN FRONT OF THE BAR, BAR EXERCISED NO CONTROL OVER THE AREA WHERE THE ALTERCATION OCCURRED (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, affirming the defendant bar’s motion for summary judgment in this third party assault case, determined that the owner of the bar was not liable to plaintiff’s decedent who died of injuries from an altercation which occurred on the public road in front of the bar:

Landowners in general have a duty to act in a reasonable manner to prevent harm to those on their property … . In particular, they have a duty to control the conduct of third persons on their premises when they have the opportunity to control such persons and are reasonably aware of the need for such control… . Under this rationale, courts have recognized that a landowner may have responsibility for injuries caused by an intoxicated guest … . However, it is “uniformly acknowledged that liability may be imposed only for injuries that occurred on defendant’s property, or in an area under defendant’s control, where defendant had the opportunity to supervise the intoxicated guest” … . Moreover, a landowner is not an insurer of a visitor’s safety, and has no duty to protect visitors against unforeseeable and unexpected assaults… .

Here, the bar defendants submitted evidence demonstrating that the altercation was a sudden and unforeseeable event, which occurred on a public roadway, outside of their premises and control … . Covelli v Silver Fist, Ltd., 2018 NY Slip Op 08914, Second Dept 12-26-18

 

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QUESTION OF FACT WHETHER FRONTMOST DRIVER NEGLIGENTLY BROUGHT HER CAR TO A COMPLETE STOP IN THIS REAR-END COLLISION CASE, FRONTMOST DRIVER’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN GRANTED (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the transit authority’s and the frontmost driver’s (Conway’s) motions for summary judgment should not have been granted in this rear-end collision case. There was evidence the bus pulled into traffic suddenly without a turn signal, and there was evidence Conway negligently brought her car to a complete stop:

A rear-end collision with a stopped or stopping vehicle establishes a prima facie case of negligence on the operator of the rear vehicle, requiring that operator to come forward with evidence of a non-negligent explanation for the collision in order to rebut the inference of negligence … . “However, not every rear-end collision is the exclusive fault of the rearmost driver” … . “[W]here the frontmost driver also operates [their] vehicle in a negligent manner, the issue of comparative negligence is for a jury to decide”  … . …

Gill [the driver behind Conway] testified at his deposition that the bus was in the right lane when the accident occurred and that, although he could not be sure, he did not recall the bus ever entering the left lane. Additionally, in contrast to Conroy’s testimony that she attempted to gradually bring her vehicle to a stop, Gill testified that Conroy apparently panicked and slammed on her brakes when the bus pulled away from the curb. Thus, Gill’s deposition testimony raised triable issues of fact as to whether the bus entered the left lane of traffic and whether Conroy negligently brought her vehicle to a complete stop … . Conroy v New York City Tr. Auth., 2018 NY Slip Op 08913, Second Dept 12-26-18

TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS

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QUESTION OF FACT WHETHER FALL FROM BED WAS THE RESULT OF THE FAILURE TO TAKE ADEQUATE PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FALLING AND QUESTION OF FACT WHETHER THE FALL EXACERBATED THE PROGRESSION OF PLAINTIFF’S INTERCRANIAL HEMORRHAGE IN THIS MEDICAL MALPRACTICE ACTION, DEFENDANTS’ SUMMARY JUDGMENT MOTION SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN GRANTED (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined plaintiffs raised a question of fact about whether defendants in this medical malpractice case deviated for accepted standards of care. Plaintiff Salgado, who was suffering from an intercranial hemorrhage, fell out of bed, which may have exacerbated the progression of the hemorrhage. There was a question of fact whether proper precautions to prevent a fall were taken, given that Salgado had no right hand grip or right arm or leg movement:

… [T]he plaintiffs raised triable issues of fact as to whether the defendants departed from accepted standards of practice by failing to prevent Salgado from falling out of bed and whether his injuries were exacerbated by his fall. More particularly, the plaintiffs submitted the affirmation of an expert who opined that the monitoring and precautions against falls implemented by the hospital in its Medical Intensive Care Unit departed from accepted standards of practice because, given the medical condition noted in Salgado’s chart, i.e., “calm” and “lethargic” with no right hand grip or right arm or leg movement early the same day, Salgado’s fall could not have occurred unless restraints were improperly applied. Furthermore, with respect to causation, the plaintiffs’ expert opined that the increase in the size of Salgado’s intercranial hemorrhage from the morning of the fall, accompanied by the new onset of midline shift, was too extensive and rapid in onset to be due solely to the natural progression of Salgado’s original hemorrhage. Salgado v North Shore Univ. Hosp., 2018 NY Slip Op 08967, Second Dept 12-26-18

 

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THE PARTY WITH THE RIGHT OF WAY ENTERING THE INTERSECTION WAS ENTITLED TO SUMMARY JUDGMENT AGAINST THE DRIVER MAKING A LEFT TURN, ALLEGATIONS THE PARTY WITH THE RIGHT OF WAY WAS SPEEDING DID NOT RAISE A QUESTION OF FACT BECAUSE THERE WAS NO EVIDENCE THE ACCIDENT COULD HAVE BEEN AVOIDED IF SPEEDING WAS NOT INVOLVED (SECOND DEPT)

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court in this traffic accident case, determined that the driver who had the right of way entering an intersection. Aly, was entitled to summary judgment against the driver, Varela, who made a left turn into Aly’s path. The deposition testimony that Aly was speeding did not raise an issue of fact because there was no evidence Aly could have avoided the accident if traveling at the speed limit. In an apparent reference to the emergency doctrine the court noted that Aly had only seconds to react and therefore could not be deemed comparatively negligent:

The moving [ALY] defendants established their prima facie entitlement to judgment as a matter of law dismissing the complaint and all cross claims insofar as asserted against them by submitting, among other things, the deposition transcripts of the parties, as well as video surveillance footage of the accident, which demonstrated that the sole proximate cause of the accident was Varela’s violation of Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1141 in making a left turn into the path of the oncoming Aly vehicle without yielding the right-of-way… . As the driver with the right-of-way, Aly was entitled to anticipate that Varela would obey the traffic laws which required him to yield … . ” Although a driver with a right-of-way also has a duty to use reasonable care to avoid a collision, . . . a driver with the right-of-way who has only seconds to react to a vehicle which has failed to yield is not comparatively negligent for failing to avoid the collision'” … . Here, the moving defendants established that Aly had only seconds to react to the Varela vehicle, which failed to yield.

In opposition, the plaintiffs and the Varela defendants failed to raise a triable issue of fact as to whether any negligence on the part of Aly was a substantial factor in the happening of the accident. Under the circumstances, the plaintiffs’ respective deposition testimony that Aly was speeding is “inconsequential inasmuch as the [plaintiffs] did not raise a triable issue as to whether [Aly] could have avoided the accident even if she had been traveling at or below the posted speed limit” … . Rohn v Aly, 2018 NY Slip Op 08966, Second Dept 12-26-18

 

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ALTHOUGH SUPREME COURT DENIED DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO SUPPRESS A GUN FOUND IN A VEHICLE, THE COURT DID NOT ARTICULATE THE REASON FOR THE DENIAL, THE SECOND DEPT DID NOT THEREFORE HAVE THE POWER TO REVIEW THE ISSUE, MATTER SENT BACK SO SUPREME COURT CAN ARTICULATE ITS REASONING (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department remitted the matter to Supreme Court for the basis of its ruling on a suppression motion:

This Court is statutorily limited to reviewing errors or defects that “may have adversely affected the appellant” (CPL 470.15[1]), and thus has no power “to review issues either decided in an appellant’s favor, or not ruled upon, by the trial court”… . The Court of Appeals has observed that, once the Appellate Division has rejected a trial court’s ruling on a particular issue, it may not proceed to consider other issues that might provide a basis for affirmance if they were not determined adversely to the appellant… .

Here, the defendant contends that the Supreme Court incorrectly denied that branch of his omnibus motion which was to suppress the gun, arguing that the inevitable discovery and search incident to a lawful arrest exceptions did not apply. The People contend, as they did before the Supreme Court, that the automobile exception applies. However, the court did not set forth the basis for its denial of the branch of the defendant’s motion which was to suppress the gun. Furthermore, on this record, we cannot determine the unarticulated predicate for the court’s evidentiary ruling …  Therefore, in order to avoid exceeding our statutory authority pursuant to CPL 470.15(1), we hold the appeal in abeyance and remit the matter to the Supreme Court, Queens County, for a new determination of that branch of the defendant’s omnibus motion which was to suppress the gun. People v Thomas, 2018 NY Slip Op 08962, Second Dept 12-26-18

 

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FAMILY COURT SHOULD HAVE APPOINTED A GUARDIAN FOR THE CHILD AND MADE THE FINDINGS NECESSARY FOR THE CHILD TO PETITION FOR SPECIAL IMMIGRANT JUVENILE STATUS (SIJS) (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Family Court, determined that a guardian should have been appointed for the child and findings should have been made to allow the child to petition for special immigrant juvenile status (SIJS):

“When considering guardianship appointments, the infant’s best interests are paramount” … . Here, the Family Court erred in determining that the proposed guardian should not be appointed (see generally Family Ct Act § 355.5[7][d][ii]; Social Services Law § 371[7]), as it failed to base its decision on any assessment of the credibility of the witnesses at the hearing, and failed to examine the facts of the case within the context of the required best interests analysis … . …

… [T]he child is under the age of 21 and unmarried, and since we have found that the proposed guardian should have been appointed as the child’s guardian, a finding also should have been made that the child is dependent on a juvenile court within the meaning of 8 USC § 1101(a)(27)(J)(i) … .Further, based upon our independent factual review, the record supports a finding that reunification of the child with her father is not a viable option due to parental neglect … . Matter of Grechel L.J., 2018 NY Slip Op 08934, Second Dept 12-26-18

 

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COUNTY COURT SHOULD NOT HAVE DENIED THE REQUEST FOR A CROSS-RACIAL IDENTIFICATION JURY INSTRUCTION, THE COURT OF APPEALS CROSS-RACIAL IDENTIFICATION RULING IN PEOPLE V BOONE APPLIES RETROACTIVELY, HOWEVER THE ERROR WAS HARMLESS (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department determined County Court should have given the cross-racial jury instruction, but deemed the error harmless:

The defendant correctly contends that the County Court erred in denying his request for a jury charge on cross-racial identification. In People v Boone (30 NY3d 521, 526), the Court of Appeals held that where, as here, “identification is an issue in a criminal case and the identifying witness and defendant appear to be of different races, upon request, a party is entitled to a charge on cross-racial identification.” Contrary to the People’s contention, Boone applies retroactively to cases pending on direct appeal … .

Nevertheless, the County Court’s failure to give a cross-racial identification charge constituted harmless error. At trial, the complainant identified the defendant as one of the three perpetrators who robbed him inside the office of the car wash. The evidence at trial established that shortly after the robbery, a police officer located the defendant and his accomplices, who matched the descriptions of the perpetrators, in a car. The defendant and his accomplices then led the police on a high-speed car chase and a subsequent chase on foot. When the defendant was apprehended following the foot chase, the police searched him for weapons, and the defendant stated, “they’re not on me, the guns are in the car.” The guns and proceeds of the robbery were found in the car from which the defendant and his accomplices fled. Additionally, money that the complainant had withdrawn from the bank earlier that day, which was bound with blue bands, was recovered from a jacket the defendant had discarded as he was running from the police. Under these circumstances, the error in failing to give the charge on cross-racial identification was harmless, as there was overwhelming evidence of the defendant’s guilt, and no significant probability that the defendant would have been acquitted if not for the error … . People v Jordan, 2018 NY Slip Op 08956, Second Dept 12-26-18

 

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FAMILY COURT SHOULD HAVE FOUND BISHME’S DAUGHTER TO HAVE BEEN DERIVATIVELY ABUSED AND NEGLECTED BASED UPON BISHME’S ABUSE AND NEGLECT OF ANOTHER CHILD (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Family Court, determined that the derivative abuse and neglect petition against Bishme A. should not have been dismissed and found that Bishme A. had derivatively abused his own daughter based upon the abuse and neglect of another child, Jassir R.:

The Administration for Children’s Services (hereinafter ACS) commenced two related child protective proceedings pursuant to Family Court Act article 10. One proceeding was against Jazmin R. and Bishme A., alleging that they abused and neglected the child Jassir R. when that child was approximately 14 months of age. The other proceeding was against Bishme A., alleging that he derivatively abused his own daughter, Akeliah A., who was several weeks older than Jassir R. I… [A]fter a fact-finding hearing, the court … denied the petition alleging that Bishme A. derivatively abused Akeliah A., and dismissed that proceeding. …

The Family Court should have found that Bishme A. derivatively abused Akeliah A. In a child protective proceeding pursuant to Family Court Act article 10, “proof of the abuse or neglect of one child shall be admissible evidence on the issue of the abuse or neglect of any other child” (Family Ct Act § 1046[a][i]). ACS established that Jassir R. suffered extensive inflicted injuries while in the care of Bishme A. Based on this evidence, ACS established, by a preponderance of the evidence, that Bishme A. derivatively abused Akeliah A. Matter of Akeliah A. (Bishme A.), 2018 NY Slip Op 08925, Second Dept 12-26-18

 

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DETECTIVE’S TESTIMONY INDICATING DEFENDANT WAS IDENTIFIED IN A LINEUP IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE CONSTITUTED INADMISSIBLE BOLSTERING, ALTHOUGH THIS WAS A ONE WITNESS IDENTIFICATION CASE, THE EVIDENCE WAS OVERWHELMING AND THE ERROR WAS DEEMED HARMLESS (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reviewing the unpreserved issue in the interest of justice, determined that the detective’s testimony indicated defendant had been identified in a lineup was inadmissible bolstering. The error was reviewed in the interest of justice. In light of the overwhelming evidence, however, the error was deemed harmless:

We conclude that the detective’s testimony that the defendant was arrested “[a]fter the lineup was conducted” could have led the jury to believe that the police were induced to take action as a result of the lineup identification, and therefore constituted improper implicit bolstering of the witness’s identification testimony … .

… “Harmless error analysis proceeds in two stages” … . First, “unless the proof of the defendant’s guilt, without reference to the error, is overwhelming, there is no occasion for consideration of any doctrine of harmless error” … . Second, for a nonconstitutional error to be harmless the appellate court must conclude “that there is [no] significant probability . . . in the particular case that the jury would have acquitted the defendant had it not been for the error or errors which occurred”… .

In analyzing the effect of a bolstering error, the Court of Appeals has stated that “[t]he standard of harmlessness  … is whether the evidence of identity is so strong that there is no substantial issue on the point'”… . In the context of a case involving an identification by a single witness, the Court of Appeals has concluded that a bolstering error was harmless in light of, among other things, the “unusually credit-worthy” nature of the witness’s identification … .

Here, although the only direct evidence connecting the defendant to the commission of the crimes charged was the identification testimony of a single witness, the evidence of the defendant’s guilt, without reference to the error, was overwhelming … . People v Holmes, 2018 NY Slip Op 08954, Second Dept 12-26-18

 

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