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THE INITIAL PROSECUTOR IN DEFENDANT’S CASE BECAME THE TRIAL JUDGE’S LAW CLERK; DEFENDANT WAS NOT INFORMED AND WAIVED HIS RIGHT TO A JURY TRIAL; THE WAIVER WAS NOT ‘KNOWINGLY’ AND ‘INTELLIGENTLY’ MADE (FOURTH DEPT).

The Fourth Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined defendant’s motion to vacate his conviction after a bench trial should have been granted. The initial prosecutor in defendant’s case became the trial judge’s law clerk. Defendant was never informed and waived his right to a jury trial. Defendant argued he would not have waived a jury trial had he known the former prosecutor was the trial judge’s law clerk:

The evidence at the hearing established that the prosecutor who appeared for over six months on the People’s behalf during the preliminary proceedings in this case was subsequently appointed to serve as the trial court’s confidential law clerk. When the law clerk brought that conflict to the trial court’s attention, the trial court appropriately screened the law clerk off from any participation in this case. When defendant sought to waive his right to a jury trial and to be tried by the court alone, however, the trial court—which had recognized the conflict and had already taken steps to mitigate it—failed to inform defendant that its law clerk had previously prosecuted defendant in this case. Moreover, although defense counsel was aware of the law clerk’s prior role as prosecutor, it is undisputed that defense counsel failed to inform defendant of that fact. Defense counsel subsequently admitted that, had he recalled the fact that the prosecutor had become the trial court’s law clerk, he would have advised defendant to retain his right to a jury trial. Additionally, defendant testified at the posttrial hearing that he would not have waived his right to a jury trial had he been aware of the fact that his former prosecutor was now serving as the trial court’s law clerk. Contrary to the motion court’s determination, defendant’s testimony in that regard was not incredible. Indeed, defendant identified rational, case-specific reasons why he distrusted the fairness of the law clerk.

Under the unique circumstances of this case, we conclude that defendant’s waiver of his right to a jury trial, which was made when he was the only participant in the waiver proceeding who was ignorant of the fact that his former prosecutor had become the trial judge’s legal advisor, was not tendered “knowingly and understandingly” and was not “based on an intelligent, informed judgment” … . People v Mineccia, 2020 NY Slip Op 04028, Fourth Dept 7-17-20

 

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COUNTY COURT MISAPPREHENDED THE LAW WHEN IT AFFIRMED TOWN COURT’S ORDER TO EUTHANIZE RESPONDENT’S DOG; MATTER REMITTED TO TOWN COURT (FOURTH DEPT).

The Fourth Department, reversing County Court and remitting the matter to Town Court, determined County Court misapprehended the applicable law in affirming Town Court’s finding that respondent’s dog (Brady) is a dangerous dog and directing the dog be euthanized pursuant to the Agricultural and Markets Law:

… [T]he court repeatedly misstated the applicable law. Before the hearing commenced, the court stated that, if it determined Brady was a dangerous dog, the court had only “two options”— euthanasia or permanent confinement. After the hearing, before delivering its decision from the bench, the court stated that it “can” order euthanasia “upon a finding the dog is dangerous.” Those statements are subtly different, and both are in error. As discussed above, mere dangerousness does not empower the court to order euthanasia or permanent confinement, which may be imposed only upon the establishment of an aggravating circumstance. Even where an aggravating circumstance is established, euthanasia and permanent confinement are not the court’s only options (see Agriculture and Markets Law § 123 [2], [3]). As a result of its mistaken understanding of the applicable law, the court ordered euthanasia without determining whether petitioner had established the existence of an aggravating circumstance and without considering other available relief.

We therefore modify County Court’s order by vacating that part affirming the order of the Justice Court insofar as it directed that respondent’s dog be euthanized, and we remit the matter to the Justice Court for a determination whether petitioner established the existence of an aggravating circumstance and for the imposition of remedial measures as permitted by statute and “as deemed appropriate under the circumstances” (Agriculture and Markets Law § 123 [2]). Matter of Town of Ogden v LaVilla, 2020 NY Slip Op 04032, Fourth Dept 7-17-20

 

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DEFENDANT’S SENTENCE FOR MANSLAUGHTER REDUCED BASED UPON DEFENDANT’S BACKGROUND, REMORSE AND LACK OF A CRIMINAL HISTORY (FOURTH DEPT).

The Fourth Department reduced defendant’s sentence for manslaughter based upon his background, remorse, and lack of a criminal history:

… [T]he 24-year determinate sentence is unduly harsh and severe considering, inter alia, defendant’s background, genuine show of remorse, and lack of prior criminal history. Thus, we modify the judgment as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice by reducing the sentence to a determinate term of imprisonment of 19 years and five years of postrelease supervision, which falls within the sentence range negotiated by the parties … . People v Jeffords, 2020 NY Slip Op 04037, Fourth Dept 7-17-20

 

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THE PROSPECTIVE JUROR AND A PROSECUTION WITNESS WERE FRIENDS; DEFENDANT’S FOR CAUSE CHALLENGE TO THE JUROR SHOULD HAVE BEEN GRANTED (FOURTH DEPT).

The Fourth Department, reversing defendant’s conviction and ordering a new trial, determined that defendant’s for cause challenge to a juror should have been granted. The juror and a prosecution witness were friends:

… [T]he prospective juror gave “some indication of bias” … by stating that her friendship with a prosecution witness “might” “affect [her] ability to be fair and impartial in this case” and that serving as a juror “might be awkward” in light of that friendship … .

Contrary to the court’s determination, the prospective juror did not give an unequivocal assurance of impartiality by merely stating, during follow-up questioning, that she would not feel compelled to “answer” to the witness for her verdict. The fact that a prospective juror would not feel compelled to answer to another person for their verdict does not necessarily mean that such prospective juror “can be fair” … . Indeed, a person could be unable to judge a case impartially while simultaneously being confident that he or she would not have to answer for the verdict to any other person. Thus, the prospective juror’s assurances that she would not feel compelled to answer to the witness for her verdict does not constitute the unequivocal assurance of impartiality required by law. People v Cobb, 2020 NY Slip Op 04055, Fourth Dept 7-17-20

 

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ALTHOUGH THE ‘LEGALLY INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE’ ISSUE WAS NOT PRESERVED BY THE MOTION FOR A TRIAL ORDER OF DISMISSAL, THE APPEAL WAS HEARD IN THE INTEREST OF JUSTICE; THE ELEMENT OF RECKLESSNESS IN THIS ASSAULT CASE WAS LEGALLY INSUFFICIENT; INDICTMENT DISMISSED (FOURTH DEPT).

The Fourth Department, reversing defendant’s assault convictions and dismissing the indictment, determined the evidence of recklessness was legally insufficient. Although the issue was not preserved by the motion for a trial order of dismissal, the appeal was heard in the interest of justice. The facts were not described:

Defendant failed to preserve that contention for our review, however, “because [her] motion for a trial order of dismissal was not specifically directed at the ground[] advanced on appeal’ ” … . We nevertheless exercise our power to review her challenge as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice (see CPL 470.15 [6] [a]).

We agree with defendant that the conviction of both counts of assault in the third degree is not supported by legally sufficient evidence … . The evidence submitted by the People is insufficient to establish that defendant acted recklessly, “i.e., that [s]he perceived a substantial and unjustifiable risk of [injury] and that [her] conscious disregard of that risk constituted a gross deviation from the standard of conduct that a reasonable person would observe in that situation” … . People v Romeiser, 2020 NY Slip Op 04054, Fourth Dept 7-17-20

 

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THE BURGLARY PLEA COLLOQUY DID NOT INDICATE DEFENDANT INTENDED TO COMMIT A CRIME OTHER THAN TRESPASS IN THE PREMISES; THEREFORE THE COLLOQUY NEGATED AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF THE CRIME; PRESERVATION FOR APPEAL IS NOT REQUIRED FOR THIS GENRE OF ERROR (FOURTH DEPT).

The Fourth Department vacated defendant’s plea to burglary because the colloquy negated an essential element of the offense. The court noted that this type of error does not require preservation for appeal. The intent to commit burglary includes the intent to commit a crime in the premises other than trespass:

Although we agree with the People that defendant failed to preserve his contention for our review because he did not move to withdraw the plea or to vacate the judgment of conviction on that ground … , this case nevertheless falls within the rare exception to the preservation requirement … . Where a defendant’s recitation of the facts “negates an essential element of the crime pleaded to, the court may not accept the plea without making further inquiry to ensure that [the] defendant understands the nature of the charge and that the plea is intelligently entered” … .

Here, defendant’s factual recitation negated at least one element of the crime. Specifically, defendant negated the “intent to commit a crime therein” element of burglary (Penal Law § 140.25) because his factual recitation contradicted any allegation that “he intended to commit a crime in the apartment other than his trespass” ( … see § 140.25). Criminal trespass in the second degree “cannot itself be used as the sole predicate crime in the intent to commit a crime therein’ element of burglary” … . The court thus had a duty to conduct an inquiry to ensure that defendant understood the nature of the crime … . Instead, the court stated, “I just want to make sure . . . [that] you still accept [the plea deal], because you have an absolute right to go to trial . . . I think you understand . . . [t]hat your defense of you going to the bathroom may be a difficult sell to a jury.” Because that minimal inquiry by the court did not clarify the nature of the crime in order to ensure that the plea was intelligently entered, the court erred in accepting the guilty plea. People v Hernandez, 2020 NY Slip Op 04049, Fourth Dept 7-17-20

 

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FIREFIGHTER WAS SOLELY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DELAY IN HOLDING HIS DISCIPLINARY HEARING AND THEREFORE WAS NOT ENTITLED TO BACK PAY FOR THE PRE-HEARING PERIOD OF SUSPENSION (FOURTH DEPT).

The Fourth Department, reversing Supreme Court. determined a firefighter was not entitled to back pay for the suspension period while awaiting a disciplinary hearing because the firefighter (or his attorney) was responsible for the delay:

Civil Service Law § 75 provides that a public employee may be suspended without pay for a maximum of 30 days while awaiting a hearing on disciplinary charges (see § 75 [3]). Although an employee suspended without pay for a longer period under those circumstances is generally entitled to receive back pay, he or she waives any claim to back pay if a delay in the disciplinary hearing beyond the 30-day maximum is “occasioned by” his or her own conduct … .

We agree with respondents that petitioner is not entitled to reinstatement or back pay because petitioner was solely responsible for the delay. Petitioner’s attorney is an experienced practitioner familiar with Civil Rights Law § 50-a. As such, petitioner’s attorney either knew or should have known that, in order to secure production of the [the disciplinary file of Kelly, another firefighter], section 50-a required that he obtain either Kelly’s consent or a court order. Indeed, respondents publicly announced in multiple press releases several months before the arbitration that Kelly’s file was confidential pursuant to section 50-a. Moreover, petitioner’s attorney had specific knowledge of the contents of the file because he was involved professionally in the investigation of Kelly’s misconduct. Based on that experience and knowledge, petitioner could have taken steps to obtain the file long before the arbitration commenced, such as asking Kelly for his consent or commencing a proceeding to obtain a court order. Because petitioner failed to take any action, “the entire period of delay in holding the hearing resulted from his dilatory tactics” … . Matter of Carcone v City of Utica, 2020 NY Slip Op 04103, Fourth Dept 7-17-20

 

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BECAUSE PETITIONER WAS REINSTATED IN HER JOB AND BACKPAY HAD BEEN PROVIDED FOR THE PERIOD OF WRONGFUL SUSPENSION BY THE TIME THE CONTEMPT HEARING WAS HELD, PETITIONER COULD NOT SHOW SHE HAD BEEN PREJUDICED BY ANY FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH THE RELEVANT ORDER; THEREFORE THE EMPLOYER SHOULD NOT HAVE HELD IN CONTEMPT (FOURTH DEPT).

The Fourth Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined petitioner’s employer (NYS Department of Transportation [DOT}]) should not have been held in contempt for the alleged failure to quickly restore petitioner to the payroll and provide backpay because DOT had fulfilled those directives by the time the contempt hearing was held:

… [W]e conclude that the court erred in granting that part of petitioner’s motion seeking to have the DOT respondents adjudged in contempt of the October 2015 judgment. “A finding of civil contempt must be supported by four elements: (1) a lawful order of the court, clearly expressing an unequivocal mandate, was in effect; (2) [i]t must appear, with reasonable certainty, that the order has been disobeyed; (3) the party to be held in contempt must have had knowledge of the court’s order, although it is not necessary that the order actually have been served upon the party; and (4) prejudice to the right of a party to the litigation must be demonstrated” … . A movant seeking a contempt order bears the burden of establishing the foregoing elements by clear and convincing evidence … . We review a court’s ruling on a contempt motion for an abuse of discretion … .

Here, we conclude that petitioner failed to show by clear and convincing evidence that the failure of the DOT respondents to immediately comply with the directives of the October 2015 judgment ” defeat[ed], impair[ed], impede[d] or prejudice[d]’ ” petitioner’s rights … . We are mindful that “[a]ny penalty imposed [for a civil contempt] is designed not to punish but, rather, to compensate the injured private party or to coerce compliance with the court’s mandate or both” … . By the time the court conducted the hearing on petitioner’s contempt motion, it was undisputed that she had been restored to the payroll, was receiving payment, and had been awarded back pay for the time she was wrongly suspended without pay. Thus, the goals of civil contempt would not be furthered by granting petitioner’s motion absent any prejudice to her once the relevant DOT respondents complied with the directives of the October 2015 judgment and restored her to paid status. Matter of Mundell v New York State Dept. of Transp., 2020 NY Slip Op 04099, Fourth Dept 7-17-20

 

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CLAIMANT FINANCIAL ADVISOR HIRED TO SELL INSURANCE PRODUCTS WAS AN EMPLOYEE ENTITLED TO UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE BENEFITS (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department determined claimant financial advisor who entered a written agreement to sell insurance products for Penn Mutual was an employee entitled to unemployment insurance benefits:

Claimant testified that he filled out an application with Penn Mutual, participated in an interview at which his commission rate and initial stipend were discussed, underwent a background check and thereafter signed a full-time soliciting agent’s contract … . Although claimant had to pay a monthly telephone fee, as well as any postage or photocopying costs that he incurred, he was provided a cubicle at Penn Mutual’s office, the use of the company’s receptionist and the ability to book a conference room, all at no charge to him. Claimant was given an in-house email address as well as letterhead and business cards bearing the agency’s name and address. Additionally, claimant was afforded the opportunity to qualify for health/dental insurance … and to participate in a matching 401(k) program; claimant also initially was covered under Penn Mutual’s errors and omissions policy. Claimant acknowledged that he was able to set his own schedule and to sell insurance products other than those offered by Penn Mutual; however, he also testified that he was required to meet with his managing director almost weekly, and that the managing director, in turn, scheduled training workshops that claimant was strongly encouraged to attend, reviewed and, if necessary, corrected the client applications submitted by claimant, directed claimant to develop a business plan and helped him do so, provided feedback on claimant’s performance, as set forth in the sales quarterly reports generated by Penn Mutual, and warned him that his contract might not be renewed if his performance was not satisfactory … . Matter of Thorndike (Penn Mut. Life Ins. Co.–Commissioner of Labor), 2020 NY Slip Op 03964, Third Dept 7-16-20

 

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DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH PROPERLY DENIED THE FOIL REQUEST FOR CERTAIN DOCUMENTS ON THE GROUND THE DOCUMENTS WERE NOT ‘REASONABLY DESCRIBED’ (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department determined the respondent’s (NYS Department of Health’s) denial of petitioners’ request for certain documents relating to respondents’ communications with Ancestry.com concerning death records was properly denied on the ground the requested documents were not “reasonably described” such that they could be located with a “reasonable effort:”

… [R]espondent established that its indexing system did not permit searching either its paper or electronic records by the name of an entity, and that it had no method of searching its correspondence records, whether on paper or in digital form, for the terms provided in petitioners’ request. * * *

… [W]e find that respondent satisfied its burden to demonstrate that petitioners’ FOIL request did not provide a reasonable description of the records sought that was adequate to permit respondent to identify and locate the requested documents … . Matter of Reclaim the Records v New York State Dept. of Health, 2020 NY Slip Op 03968, Third Dept 7-16-20

 

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