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THE JUDGE, IN DENYING DEFENDANT’S SECOND MOTION TO SET ASIDE HIS SENTENCE, SHOULD NOT HAVE PRECLUDED DEFENDANT FROM MAKING “ADDITIONAL APPLICATIONS” WITHOUT THE PERMISSION OF THE COURT (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department noted that the judge who denied defendant’s second motion to set aside his sentence should not have precluded defendant from making “additional applications” without the permission of the court:

We … agree with defendant that County Court abused its discretion in ordering that prior court approval was required before any further motions were filed. Notably, the authority cited by County Court — 22 NYCRR part 130-1.1 — by its own terms applies to only civil actions or proceedings (see 22 NYCRR 130-1.1 [a]). Moreover, even if such authority does exist in a criminal action … , defendant has not engaged in sufficiently excessive, protracted and/or unwarranted litigation as to justify such action here. … . People v Maloy, 2022 NY Slip Op 02312, Third Dept 4-7-22

Practice Point: Here the court abused its discretion in prohibiting defendant, who had made two motions to set aside his sentence, from making additional motions without permission from the court. It is questionable whether a judge has that authority on the criminal, as opposed to civil, side.

 

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HEAVY BARN DOORS WHICH HAD BEEN TAKEN OFF THE HINGES FELL ON PLAINTIFF AS HE DELIVERED SHEETROCK TO THE BARN WHICH WAS BEING CONVERTED TO A MUSIC STUDIO; THERE WERE QUESTIONS OF FACT WHETHER THE DOORS PRESENTED A DANGEROUS CONDITION AND CONSTITUTED AN ELEVATION-RELATED HAZARD AND WHETHER THIS WAS A COMMERCIAL PROJECT TO WHICH THE HOMEOWNER EXEMPTION DID NOT APPLY (LABOR LAW 200 AND 240(1)) (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, reversing (modifying) Supreme Court, determined defendant’s motion for summary judgment on the Labor Law 200 a nd 240(1) causes of action should not have been granted. Plaintiff was told to deliver sheetrock through an opening where heavy double barn doors were being restored. The hinges had been removed and the doors were held in place by wooden wedges. The doors fell on plaintiff. The Third Department found there were questions of fact whether the doors presented a dangerous condition (Labor Law 200), an elevation-related hazard (Labor Law 240(1), and whether the project was commercial in nature such that the homeowner exemption did not apply. With regard to the homeowner exemption, the court wrote:

Although Labor Law § 240 (1) imposes a nondelegable duty upon owners to protect workers engaged in construction-related activities, “the Legislature has carved out an exemption for the owners of one and two-family dwellings who contract for but do not direct or control the work” … . “That exemption, however, is not available to an owner who uses or intends to use the dwelling only for commercial purposes” … .

… [D]efendants, as the parties seeking the benefit of the statutory exemption, had the burden of establishing that the property was not being used solely for commercial purposes … . This they failed to do. [Defendant’s] deposition testimony established that he is a professional musician and that the structure was being altered to use as a music studio and a photography workspace. Moreover, defendants failed to submit an affidavit addressing whether they intended to use the structure for commercial or noncommercial purposes. [W]e find that defendants failed to demonstrate their entitlement to the homeowner exemption as a matter of law and that a question of fact exists regarding the application of the homeowner exemption … .Hawver v Steele, 2022 NY Slip Op 02322, Third Dept 4-7-22

Practice Point: The homeowner exemption to Labor Law liability does not apply where the construction is for commercial purposes. Here the defendants did not demonstrate the renovation of a barn for use as a music studio was not for commercial purposes. Therefore defendants motion for summary judgment on the Labor Law 240(1) cause of action should not have been granted.

 

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A PROBATIONARY FIREFIGHTER INJURED WHILE TRAINING TO COMPLETE A FIRE BASIC TRAINING PROGRAM WAS INJURED IN THE PERFORMANCE OF HIS DUTIES, ENTITLING HIM TO GENERAL MUNICIPAL LAW 207-A DISBILITY BENEFITS (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, in a full-fledged opinion by Justice McShan, determined Supreme Court properly found petitioner, a probationary firefighter, was entitled to disability benefits pursuant to General Municipal Law 207-a. The fact that petitioner was injured while training for a test required for the completion of a fire basic training program did not mean petitioner was not injured in the performance of his duties, as argued by the city:

Although petitioner’s injury did not occur in the course of his actual performance of the required test, successful completion of the candidate physical ability test was a necessary requirement of petitioner’s position, and petitioner was engaged in the expected and foreseeable task of practicing for that test during a mandatory training program that was part of his duties as a probationary firefighter … . The record further reflects that petitioner was attending the Fire Academy at the direction of the City, that the training was paid for by the City and that petitioner was receiving full pay for his attendance and participation in the program. Mindful that, as a remedial statute, General Municipal Law § 207-a “should be liberally construed in favor of the injured employees the statute was designed to protect” … , we find that the requisite causal relationship exists between petitioner’s job duties and his injury … . Matter of Smith v City of Norwich, 2022 NY Slip Op 02324, Third Dept 4-7-22

Practice Point: A probationary firefighter injured while training to complete a fire basic training program was injured in the “performance of his duties” and is therefore entitled to General Municipal Law 207-a disability benefits.

 

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IN ORDER TO HOLD A PROPERTY OWNER LIABLE FOR THE CREATION OF A DANGEROUS CONDITION, HERE THE INSTALLATION OF A COMPOSITE MATERIAL AT THE TOP OF A STAIRWELL WHICH ALLEGEDLY BECAME SLIPPERY WHEN WET, A PLAINTIFF MUST SHOW THE DEFENDANT WAS AWARE OF THE DANGER (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined defendants’ motion for summary judgment in this slip and fall case should not have been granted. Plaintiff alleged a composite material used at the top of a staircase was inappropriate for that purpose because the surface became slippery when wet from rain. The Second Department found that the defendants did not demonstrate they did not have constructive knowledge of the condition, mainly because the evidence relied upon was inadmissible hearsay. But the Second Department also noted the plaintiff must show more than the creation of a dangerous condition to hold the defendants liable. It must also be shown the defendants knew or should have known of the danger:

“In a premises liability case, a defendant property owner, or a party in possession or control of real property, who moves for summary judgment has the initial burden of making a prima facie showing that it neither created the alleged defective condition nor had actual or constructive notice of its existence” … . Contrary to the plaintiff’s contention, the defendants may not be held liable merely because they created the allegedly dangerous condition by directing the installation of the composite decking material on the landing. “[A]bsent a statute imposing strict liability, a defendant may not be held liable for creating a dangerous or defective condition upon property unless the defendant had actual, constructive, or imputed knowledge of the danger created” … . San Antonio v 340 Ridge Tenants Corp., 2022 NY Slip Op 02298, Second Dept 4-6-22

Practice Point: It may be an obvious point, but in order to hold a property owner liable for creating a dangerous condition, the plaintiff must not only show that the defendant created the condition, but also that the defendant was aware of the danger. In this case the defendant installed a composite flooring at the top of a stairwell which allegedly became slippery when wet. Just proving the defendant installed the floor and that the floor became slippery when wet would not be enough.

 

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BURGLARY SECOND COUNT DISMISSED AS A LESSER INCLUDED CONCURRENT COUNT OF BURGLARY FIRST (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, vacating the sentence and dismissing the count, determined burglary second is a lesser included concurrent count of burglary first:

… [T]he defendant’s conviction of burglary in the second degree under Penal Law § 140.25(2), as well as the sentence imposed thereon, must be vacated and that count dismissed as a lesser included concurrent count of burglary in the first degree under Penal Law § 140.30(4) (see CPL 300.40[3][b] …). People v Joseph, 2022 NY Slip Op 02282, Second Dept 4-6-22

 

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THE ORIGINAL CHILD SUPPORT ORDER WAS ISSUED IN VIRGINIA, WHERE FATHER RESIDES; FATHER’S NEW YORK CHILD SUPPORT PETITION WAS ACTUALLY SEEKING MODIFICATION OF THE VIRGINIA ORDER; NEW YORK THEREFORE DID NOT HAVE JURISDICTION OVER FATHER’S PETITION (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Family Court, determined New York did not haver jurisdiction over father’s petition for child support. The original child support order was issued in Virginia, where father resides. Therefore the New York petition was a petition for modification of the Virginia order, which cannot be addressed by a New York court:

The mother and the father are the parents of a child who was born in the Commonwealth of Virginia in 2007. In September 2020, the father commenced the instant proceeding in New York for child support pursuant to the Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (Family Ct Act art 5-B; hereinafter UIFSA). * * *

“Under the [Full Faith and Credit for Child Support Orders Act] and UIFSA, the state issuing a child support order retains continuing, exclusive jurisdiction over its child support orders so long as an individual contestant continues to reside in the issuing state” … . “Accordingly, a state may modify the issuing state’s order of child support only when the issuing state has lost continuing, exclusive jurisdiction” … . …

Here … support for the parties’ child was previously awarded to the mother in an order issued by a court within the jurisdiction of the Commonwealth of Virginia prior to the filing of the father’s petition. Accordingly … his petition was in the nature of a “modification” petition, rather than a “de novo” application … . Since the father resides in the Commonwealth of Virginia, that entity retains continuing, exclusive jurisdiction of its child support order, and New York does not have jurisdiction to modify it … . Matter of Salim v Freeman, 2022 NY Slip Op 02268, Second Dept 4-6-22

Practice Point: The original child support order was issued in Virginia, where father resides. Father’s New York petition for child support, therefore, was not a “de novo” petition, but rather was a petition for modification of the Virginia order, which a New York court cannot entertain.

 

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PETITIONER, PURSUANT TO LIEN LAW 38, HAS A RIGHT TO AN ITEMIZED STATEMENT BREAKING DOWN THE AMOUNT OF A MECHANIC’S LIEN; THE INFORMATION PROVIDED BY THE RESPONDENT HERE WAS DEEMED INSUFFICIENT TO SATISFY LIEN LAW 38 (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the petition seeking an itemized statement breaking down the amount of a mechanic’s lien should have been granted:

Lien Law § 38 provides, in relevant part, that “[a] lienor who has filed a notice of lien shall, on demand in writing, deliver to the owner or contractor making such demand a statement in writing which shall set forth the items of labor and/or material and the value thereof which make up the amount for which he [or she] claims a lien, and which shall also set forth the terms of the contract under which such items were furnished.” The documents provided by the respondent in opposition to the petition failed to comply with the requirements of Lien Law § 38. The documents, among other things, failed to sufficiently set forth “‘the items and cost of labor, or the items and cost of materials'” … . Matter of Red Hook 160, LLC v Borough Constr. Group, LLC, 2022 NY Slip Op 02267. Second Dept 4-6-22

​Practice Point: When a notice of a mechanic’s lien is filed the contractor or owner, pursuant to Line Law 38, has the right to request a statement breaking down the items and cost of labor or the items and cost of materials.

 

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A COURT REVIEWING THE DENIAL OF A FOIL REQUEST CANNOT BASE ITS RULING AFFIRMING THE DENIAL ON A GROUND NOT RAISED BY THE AGENCY TO WHICH THE REQUEST WAS MADE (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing (modifying) Supreme Court, noted that a court reviewing the denial of a FOIL request cannot base its ruling on a ground that was not cited by the agency to which the request was made:

“In a proceeding pursuant to CPLR article 78 to compel the production of material pursuant to FOIL, the agency denying access has the burden of demonstrating that the material requested falls within a statutory exemption, which exemptions are narrowly construed” …  This showing requires the agency “to articulate a particularized and specific justification for denying access,” and “[c]onclusory assertions that certain records fall within a statutory exemption are not sufficient; evidentiary support is needed” … . “If the court is unable to determine whether withheld documents fall entirely within the scope of the asserted exemption, it should conduct an in camera inspection of representative documents and order disclosure of all nonexempt, appropriately redacted material” … .

“It is the settled rule that judicial review of an administrative determination is limited to the grounds invoked by the agency” … . A reviewing court “‘is powerless to affirm the administrative action by substituting what it considers to be a more adequate or proper basis'” … . Matter of McFadden v McDonald, 2022 NY Slip Op 02265, Second Dept 4-6-22

Practice Point: A court affirming the denial of a FOIL request cannot do so on a ground not raised by the agency to which the request was made.

 

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RPAPL 1301(3) PROHIBITS MORE THAN ONE FORECLOSURE AT A TIME; THE VIOLATION OF THAT STATUTE HERE WAS A MERE IRREGULARITY WHICH SHOULD HAVE BEEN DISREGARDED; THE PRIOR ACTION WAS DISMISSED AFTER THE INSTANT ACTION WAS COMMENCED (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the fact that RPAPL 1301(3), which prohibits more than one foreclosure at a time, was technically violated did not warrant dismissing the second action:

Here, the plaintiff failed to seek leave of court to commence this action while the 2010 action was still pending. However, the 2010 action had previously been marked disposed, and no further action occurred in the 2010 action until the administrative dismissal on April 9, 2018. Additionally, by the time the defendants cross-moved in this action for summary judgment dismissing the complaint insofar as asserted against them, the 2010 action had already been dismissed for nearly six months. Thus, the defendants were not prejudiced by having to defend against more than one action, and the plaintiff’s failure to strictly comply with RPAPL 1301(3) should have been disregarded as a mere irregularity … . HSBC Bank USA, N.A. v Kading, 2022 NY Slip Op 02255, Second Dept 4-6-22

Practice Point: Although RPAPL 1301(3) prohibits more than one foreclosure action at a time, if there is no prejudice to the borrowers a violation of that statute will be disregarded as a mere irregularity. Here the inactive first action was dismissed before the borrowers moved for summary judgment in the second.

 

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THE FACT THAT THE SCHOOL WAS AWARE OF THE PETITIONERS’ CHILD’S INJURY AT THE TIME IT OCCURRED DOES NOT MEAN THE SCHOOL HAD TIMELY KNOWLEDGE OF THE POTENTIAL LAWSUIT; PETITIONERS’ APPLICATION TO DEEM A LATE NOTICE OF CLAIM TIMELY SERVED SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN GRANTED (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the petitioners’ application to deem the late notice of claim timely served nunc pro tunc should not have been granted. Apparently petitioners’ child tripped and fell on a stairwell at at her school. The fact that the school was aware of the child’s injury at the time does not mean the school was aware of a potential lawsuit. The year-long delay was not adequately explained; infancy is not enough. And the petitioners did not show the school was not prejudiced by the delay:

The appellant’s “knowledge of the accident and the injury, without more, does not constitute actual knowledge of the essential facts constituting the claim, at least where the incident and the injury do not necessarily occur only as the result of fault for which it may be liable” … . The petitioner mother stated in an affidavit submitted in support of the application that the school nurse called her on the day of the accident, advising her that her daughter fell on the stairs and injured her right foot. This statement, however, did not provide the appellant with actual knowledge of the facts underlying the petitioners’ claim of negligent supervision … .. Similarly, although the petitioner mother stated in her affidavit that she spoke to an employee of the appellant about the accident approximately two months after it occurred, the mother’s affidavit indicates that the employee had no information or details to share. Moreover, letters sent by the petitioners’ attorneys to the appellant did not advise it of the essential facts underlying the negligent supervision claim. J. G. v Academy Charter Elementary Sch., 2022 NY Slip Op 02251, Second Dept 4-6-22

​Practice Point: An application to serve a late notice of claim against a school may be granted if the school had timely knowledge of the claim. But that doesn’t mean timely knowledge of the injury or the incident. It means timely knowledge of the potential lawsuit.

 

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