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Police Officers Properly Allowed to Testify About Victim’s Identification of Defendant Shortly After the Crime/Prior Consistent Statements Not Hearsay

In a full-fledged opinion by Judge Smith, over a dissent, the Court of Appeals determined that two police officers, as well as the victim, were properly allowed to testify about the victim’s identification of the defendant shortly after the crime, extending the rule announced by the Court of Appeals in People v Huertas (75 NY2d 487):

Velez [the victim] identified defendant at trial as one of the robbers and also testified, without objection, to a description he had given the police on the night of the crime of a black man “about 5’6, short hair, round face, thick eyebrows” and wearing a white shirt.  The description fits defendant, but in the video the man alleged to be defendant is wearing a blueish-gray shirt.  Velez testified that, before he saw the video, he realized that his description of the shirt was in error, and corrected it.

Two police officers also testified, over objection, that Velez had given a description on the night of the crime. The officers’ accounts of the description were brief, and consistent with Velez’s.  One said that Velez had described a man “between 5’6 to 5’7 in height wearing shorts and . . . a white T-shirt.”  The other said only that Velez had described “a short black male, dark skinned.” * * *

Huertas involved a … prior consistent statement: a witness’s description, given shortly after the crime, of the person who committed it.  Huertas held testimony about a description to be admissible not under any exception to the hearsay rule, but because the testimony is not hearsay at all. It is admitted not for the truth or accuracy of the prior description, but as “evidence that assists the jury in evaluating the witness’s opportunity to observe at the time of the crime, and the reliability of her memory at the time of the corporeal identification” (Huertas, 75 NY2d at 493).  * * *

The issue here is whether the rule of Huertas, like CPL 60.30’s hearsay exception for prior eyewitness identifications, is limited to a witness’s account of his or her own previous statement.  We see nothing to justify such a limitation.  A statement that is not hearsay when the declarant testifies to it does not become hearsay when someone else does so. People v Smith, 226, CtApp 12-17-13

 

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Six-Year Breach of Contract Statute of Limitations Applied to Third Party Beneficiaries (Here the Plaintiff Villages and Towns) of Contracts Between the Counties and the Defendant Sewer-Construction Companies

The Court of Appeals, with two concurring judges, determined that the causes of action alleging the faulty construction of sewers resulting in settling of the roadways within the plaintiff villages and towns was time-barred. The plaintiff villages and towns were third-party beneficiaries to the sewer-construction contracts entered into by the counties encompassing the plaintiff villages and towns. The complaints alleged a “continuing nuisance.”  The court held that the actions were time-barred whether analyzed under a contract or nuisance theory (the continuing nuisance theory was rejected on the merits).  The court further held that the six-year breach of contract statute of limitations applied to third-party beneficiaries of the contracts (here the plaintiff villages and towns):

A breach of contract action must be commenced within six years from the accrual of the cause of action (see CPLR 203 [a]; 213 [2]).  “In cases against architects or contractors, the accrual date for Statute of Limitations purposes is completion of performance” (Newburgh, 85 NY2d at 538…).  This rule applies “no matter how a claim is characterized in the complaint” because “all liability” for defective construction “has its genesis in the contractual relationship of the parties” (Newburgh, 85 NY2d at 538 …). Even if the plaintiff is not a party to the underlying construction contract, the claim may accrue upon completion of the construction where the plaintiff is not a “stranger to the contract,” and the relationship between the plaintiff and the defendant is the “functional equivalent of privity” (Newburgh, 85 NY2d at 538-539 … ). * * *

The Appellate Division properly applied Newburgh to these actions commenced by third-party beneficiaries to the construction contracts.  Newburgh extended the completion of performance accrual rule to actions against architects or contractors brought by “intended beneficiar[ies]” of construction contracts (id.).  Here, the Counties contracted with defendants to install the sewer system for the benefit of municipalities like plaintiffs, a fact which was surely “known to all parties at the time the contracts were negotiated” (id.).  Town of Oyster Bay v Lizza Industries Inc …, 214, 215, 217, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, CtApp 12-17-13

 

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Writing Requirement of Statute of Frauds Met By a Number of Documents Associated With Absentee Bidding at a Public Auction

The Court of Appeals, in a full-fledged opinion by Judge Rivera, reversed the Appellate Division and determined the plaintiff had not failed to comply with the statutory (statute of frauds) requirement of a writing in support of its breach of contract claim.  The defendant, as an absentee bidder at a public auction held by the plaintiff, successfully bid over $400,000 on an item but subsequently refused to pay for it.  The Appellate Division determined that the name of the seller was not in any of the relevant documents and therefore there was no writing which could be enforced.  The Court of Appeals disagreed and held that, because it was clear the plaintiff was acting as the seller’s agent in the bidding process, the absence of the seller’s name from the documents was not fatal to the writing requirement:

…[T]he absentee bidder form, along with the clerking sheet, provide the necessary information to establish the name of Rabizadeh as the buyer.  …

In addition to the buyer’s name, the GOL requires disclosure of “the name of the person on whose account the sale was made”.    * * *

[T]he GOL does not reference the “seller”, making it clear that the seller’s name need not be provided in order to satisfy the requirement of “the name of the person on whose account the sale was made”.

* * * It is well settled that an auctioneer serves as a consignor’s agent … . … Here, the clerking sheet lists Jenack [plaintiff] as the auctioneer, and as such it served as the agent of the seller. The clerking sheet, therefore, provides “the name of the person on whose account the sale was made” and satisfies GOL § 5701(a)(6).    …

It bears repeating in such a case as this that:

‘The Statute of Frauds was not enacted to afford persons a means of evading just obligations; nor was it intended to supply a cloak of immunity to hedging litigants lacking integrity; nor was it adopted to enable defendants to interpose the Statute as a bar to a contract fairly, and admittedly, made’ … .

Using the Statute of Frauds as a “means of evading” a “just obligation” is precisely what Rabizadeh attempts to do here, but the law and the facts foreclose him from doing so.  Rabizadeh took affirmative steps to participate in Jenack’s auction, including executing an absentee bidder form with the required personal information.  He then successfully won the bidding for item 193, closing out other interested bidders, with his $400,000 bid.  He cannot seek to avoid the consequences of his actions by ignoring the existence of a documentary trail leading to him.  Willam J Jenack Estate Appraisers and Auctioneers, Inc v Rabizadeh, 229, CtApp 12-17-13

 

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Slip and Fall in Employee Parking Area Was Compensable

The Third Department determined that a slip and fall in an employee parking area can be compensable under Workers’ Compensation.  The Board’s finding that the injury was compensable in this case was affirmed:

As a general rule, “accidents that occur in public areas away from the workplace and outside of work hours are not compensable” … .  However, “by making arrangements for employee parking, [an employer] may be found to have extended its premises to the area of the approved parking facility so that an accident that occurs therein may be found to have arisen within the precincts of the claimant’s employment, rendering it compensable.  This is particularly true where the claimant is injured on the way to work and in such physical proximity to his or her worksite as to establish a relationship between the accident and the employment”… .

Here, claimant testified that following the approval of her application to park in the subject lot, she was given a hang tag to display in her vehicle’s window and a parking fee was deducted from her biweekly paycheck … .  Although a portion of the parking lot occasionally was set aside for vendors participating in events at the nearby Times Union Center, the lot was not – to the best of claimant’s knowledge – open to the public during the work week.  Finally, claimant described the route traveled from the surface lot to her building and testified that “[e]veryone” who parked in the vicinity of the lot “usually [took the] same route into [the employer’s] building”… .  Matter of Stratton v NYS Comptroller…, 514766, 3rd Dept 12-12-13

 

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Application for a Full Board Review Must Be Considered by a Panel of At Least Three Members of the Workers’ Compensation Board

The Third Department noted that an application for a full Board review must be considered by a panel of at least three members of the Workers’ Compensation Board:

Applications for Board review are to be considered by a panel of at least three members and may not be decided by the chair, or any other single member of the Board, alone (see Workers’ Compensation Law §§ 23, 142 [2]…).  The record before us provides no indication that the application for reconsideration and/or full Board review was considered by a three-member panel.  Rather, the decision appears to have been made solely by the chair “on behalf of the Board.”  Accordingly, this matter must be remitted to the Board for proper consideration of the application by a panel of the Board consisting of not less than three members… . Matter of Scalo v CD Perry & Sons Inc…, 514342, 3rd Dept 12-12-13

 

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Cy Pres Doctrine Properly Applied to Distribute Gifts to the Hospital Which Had Taken Over the Duties of the Named Hospital

The Third Department determined Surrogate’s Court had properly exercised its cy pres power by distributing decedents’ charitable gifts to a hospital (Ellis Hospital) which had taken over the duties of the named hospital (St. Clare’s Hospital):

The relevant gifts were all undisputedly charitable in nature and, for cy pres relief, it was further necessary that the instruments establishing the gifts revealed a general charitable intent and that circumstances had changed rendering impracticable or impossible strict compliance with the terms of the gift instruments … .  * * * Here, the gift instruments, in which the donors also made various other charitable dispositions, revealed a general charitable intent.  With regard to the gifts in question, the intent was to benefit a hospital.  At the time the pertinent gift instruments were executed, St. Clare’s Hospital operated as a hospital and gifts to the Foundation went exclusively to St. Clare’s Hospital.  The stipulated facts reveal that the Foundation has stopped providing any charitable grants.  Its previous sole beneficiary, St. Clare’s Hospital, ceased operating as a hospital, modified its corporate name and changed its corporate function to promoting health and well-being.  Ellis Hospital assumed all responsibility for the hospital and related healthcare services previously provided by St. Clare’s Hospital. Matter of Lally, 516107, 3rd Dept 12-12-13

 

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Question of Fact About Resort Owner’s Duty to Maintain Walkways in Winter Despite Claim the Resort Was Closed in the Winter Months

The Third Department determined the claim that a resort was closed in the winter did not relieve the property owner from the duty to maintain the walkways during the winter months.  Plaintiff slipped and fell on a snow-covered walkway.  Condominiums at the resort were accessible year-round:

…[I]t is well settled that “a landowner has a duty to exercise reasonable care in maintaining his [or her] own property in a reasonably safe condition under the circumstances” … .  The nature and scope of a landowner’s duty and the persons to whom such duty is owed are determined by consideration of, among other things, “the likelihood of injury to another from a dangerous condition on the property, . . . the burden of avoiding the risk [as well as] the foreseeability of a potential plaintiff’s presence on the property” … .  “Although a jury determines whether and to what extent a particular duty was breached, it is for the court first to determine whether any duty exists, taking into consideration the reasonable expectations of the parties and society generally” … .

In order to satisfy its burden on summary judgment, defendant was required to present evidence conclusively establishing that its duty to use reasonable care did not extend to plaintiff.  We reject defendant’s argument that it was not required to maintain the walkway on which plaintiff fell because the resort was closed to the public during the winter months.  It is undisputed that there was no gate or other apparatus blocking the public’s access to the resort and, apart from a sign posted on the main hotel door, there was no notice that either the resort property resort, generally, or the subject walkway, in particular, was closed to the public at the time of plaintiff’s accident. Significantly, the condominiums located on the resort property were accessible year-round, with no limitation on visitors.  It is also uncontroverted that defendant did not inspect the walkway in question.  In our view, defendant failed to establish as a matter of law that plaintiff’s use of the path was not reasonably foreseeable… . Drake v Sagbolt LLC, 516967, 3rd Dept 12-12-13

 

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Snow Removal Contractor May Be Liable to Plaintiff in Slip and Fall Action/Question of Fact Whether Failure to Use Low-Temperature Salt Created a Dangerous Condition

The Third Department determined there was a question of fact whether a contractor hired to clear snow and ice created a dangerous condition by not using salt designed for low temperatures:

While a snow removal contractor is generally not liable to injured persons who were not parties to the contract …, plaintiffs argue the recognized exception that extends a duty to noncontracting third parties where the contractor fails to exercise reasonable care in the performance of duties such that he or she “‘launche[s] a force or instrument of harm'” … .

In opposition to the motion for summary judgment, plaintiffs submitted affidavits from experts who opined that, among other things, [defendant’s] application of plain, untreated rock salt to the parking lot on the morning in question was negligent because temperatures, which were below 20 degrees Fahrenheit, were too cold for plain rock salt to be effective.  According to plaintiffs’ experts, by using untreated salt instead of treated, low temperature salt, [defendant] caused snow shoveled from the sidewalk to the parking lot … to melt and then quickly refreeze, creating a layer of ice beneath the snow. There is no dispute that [defendant] had the option of using untreated or treated salt pursuant to the contract and that he had both kinds available.  There was also evidence that [defendant] was aware that snow would be shoveled from the sidewalk onto the parking lot, and [a witness] testified that he had observed salt in the area where plaintiff fell.  This evidence sufficiently raises a question of fact as to whether [defendant] “‘negligently create[d] or exacerbate[d] a dangerous condition'” by using untreated salt, resulting in the formation of the ice on which plaintiff allegedly slipped… .  Belmonte v Guilderland Associates LLC…, 516830, 3rd Dept 12-12-13

 

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Foreclosure On Both Junior and Senior Mortgages May Result in Unjust Enrichment If the Two Obligations Amount to More than the Fair Market Value

The Third Department explained the “unjust enrichment” issues raised when a party holds two mortgages on the same property, forecloses on the junior mortgage, purchases the property at the foreclosure sale, and then sues on the senior mortgage:

Where, as here, a holder of two mortgages forecloses on the junior mortgage and purchases the property, the question of whether the senior obligation is recoverable is a matter of equity dependent upon the facts and circumstances of the case (see Restatement [Third] of Property § 8.5, Comment c [2]…).  When the sale price and the outstanding amount owed on the senior obligation together equal the fair market value of the property, the land is considered to satisfy the debt.  In that case, equity will prevent the mortgagee from suing on the senior obligation and thus receiving a windfall (see Restatement [Third] of Property § 8.5, Comment c [2]…).

If, however, the fair market value of the property is less than the sum of the two obligations, “the mortgagor would be unjustly enriched if the mortgagee is prevented from recovering on the senior obligation” (Restatement [Third] of Property § 8.5, Comment c [2]).  In such a situation “the mortgagee may recover on the senior obligation only the amount by which the sum of the junior and senior obligations exceed the fair market value of the land” (Restatement [Third] of Property § 8.5, Comment c [2]). Here, neither party submitted proof as to the fair market value of the property, and Supreme Court thus had no basis to determine the amount recoverable on the senior note.  We remit for that purpose.  TD Bank NA… v Dunbar Tower LLC, 516770, 3rd Dept 12-12-13

 

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Itemization of Mechanic’s Lien Not Necessary/Contract Adequately Apprised Owner of Lienor’s Claim

The Third Department determined that plaintiff was not required to provide an itemized list of labor and materials to substantiate its claim under the Lien Law (mechanic’s lien).  The lienor need only supply an itemized list when itemization is necessary to apprise the owner of the details of the lienor’s claim.  Here there was a construction contract which plaintiff alleged was performed in full. Itemization would therefore be “superfluous:”

Lien Law § 38 states that a lienor “shall, on demand in writing, deliver to the owner or contractor making such demand a statement in writing which shall set forth the items of labor and/or material and the value thereof which make up the amount for which he [or she] claims a lien, and which shall also set forth the terms of the contract under which such items were furnished.”  While that language “appears to confer an unrestricted right to an itemization of labor and materials, such is not the case” … .  Itemization is instead required only when it is necessary “to apprise the owner of the details of the lienor’s claim” … .

Turning to the case at hand, plaintiff asserts that it performed the 2011 construction contract in full, and its claim with regard to that contract “is based on an express contract for a specific sum” … .  Defendants do not dispute that they were fully aware of the terms of that contract and, indeed, they attached a copy of the written contract to their answer. Associated Building Services Inc v Pentecostal Faith Church, 516897, 3rd Dept 12-12-13

 

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