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ALTHOUGH DEFENDANT DID NOT GIVE TIMELY NOTICE OF ALIBI EVIDENCE, COUNTY COURT DEPRIVED DEFENDANT OF HIS CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO PRESENT A DEFENSE BY PRECLUDING THE ALIBI EVIDENCE; THE UNPRESERVED ERROR WAS CONSIDERED IN THE INTEREST OF JUSTICE (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, reversing the grand larceny conviction in the interest of justice, determined defendant’s late request to present alibi evidence should have been granted:

County Court abused its discretion by precluding defendant from introducing testimony from defendant’s father at trial. …  The court rested its entire conclusion on the failure to comply with the Criminal Procedure Law and that good cause was not shown, despite the fact that defendant was not given an opportunity to respond to the People’s informal motion to preclude the alibi testimony. Notably, the court did not make any findings that defendant had an improper purpose in providing the late notice nor did it weigh the possibility of prejudice to the People against the right of defendant to present a defense … . Instead, the court, without hearing from defendant, implemented the most “drastic sanction” without considering any lesser sanctions that may have protected the People from potential prejudice … . In making the appropriate inquiry, alibi testimony would have been important to defendant’s defense given that much of the People’s argument was based on accomplice testimony and that the People would not have been prejudiced as they were already aware of the father’s statement. “Therefore, we find that County Court violated defendant’s constitutional right to present a defense” … . People v Lukosavich, 2020 NY Slip Op 07953, Third Dept 12-24-20

 

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DEFENDANT WAS THE TARGET OF A STING WHERE THE INVESTIGATOR POSED AS THE STEPFATHER OF A 14-YEAR-OLD GIRL WITH WHOM THE DEFENDANT WAS INVITED TO HAVE SEX; WHEN THE INVESTIGATOR SUMMONED THE STEPDAUGHTER TO MEET THE DEFENDANT, HE GOT UP AND WALKED AWAY; THE ATTEMPTED RAPE, CRIMINAL SEXUAL ACT AND ENDANGERING THE WELFARE OF A CHILD CONVICTIONS WERE NOT SUPPORTED BY LEGALLY SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, reversing defendant’s convictions and dismissing the indictment, determined defendant did not come close enough to committing the sexual offenses suggested by the undercover investigator to meet the criteria for attempted rape, attempted criminal sexual act, and attempted endangering the welfare of a child. The undercover investigator suggested sex with his fictional 14-year-old stepdaughter. When the investigator indicated he was summoning the stepdaughter to meet the defendant, the defendant got up and walked away:

… [W]e cannot conclude that defendant came dangerously near engaging in sexual intercourse or oral sexual contact of any iteration with a minor under the age of 15 or any other act that would likely be injurious to the physical, mental or moral welfare of a child … . Although defendant engaged in conversations contemplating sexual contact with a 14-year-old and drove to a location where he was told a 14-year-old would be, under the circumstances of this case, his conduct did not pass the stage of mere preparation and bring him dangerously close to committing the attempted crimes of rape in the second degree, a criminal sexual act in the second degree or an act endangering the welfare of a child … . Moreover, intent to engage in sexual intercourse and the criminal sexual acts charged in the indictment cannot be inferred from the evidence, particularly given defendant’s passive and noncommittal statements when discussing potential contact with the 14-year-old stepdaughter, as well as the fact that defendant did not bring a condom or any other sexual item to the campsite … . Accordingly, inasmuch as the verdict is not supported by legally sufficient evidence, we reverse the judgment of conviction and dismiss the indictment … . People v Hiedeman, 2020 NY Slip Op 07954, Third Dept 12-24-20

 

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ONE PURPOSE FOR ASSESSING ATTORNEY’S FEES AGAINST THE AGENCY IN A FREEDOM OF INFORMATION LAW CASE IS TO DISCOURAGE DELAYS IN RESPONSES TO REQUESTS FOR DOCUMENTS; THEREFORE, EVEN THOUGH THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION (DEP) TURNED OVER THE DOCUMENTS BEFORE THE APPEAL, THE DEP STILL SHOULD PAY THE ATTORNEY’S FEES RELATED TO THE APPEAL (THIRD DEPT).

The Third Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the request for attorney’s fees for the appeal in this Freedom of Information Law action should not have been denied. Supreme Court reasoned that the Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) had turned over the requested documents before the appeal:

Supreme Court suggested that it would be “unduly punitive” to include appellate counsel fees and costs in its award given that DEC had already disclosed all responsive, nonprivileged documents to petitioners. The goal of an award of counsel fees and costs under Public Officers Law § 89 (4) (c), however, is to deter “unreasonable delays and denials of access and thereby encourage every unit of government to make a good faith effort to comply with the requirements of FOIL” … . As we detailed in our prior decision (169 AD3d at 1311-1312), DEC failed to respond to petitioners’ FOIL administrative appeal in a timely manner and disclosed responsive documents after petitioners advanced a FOIL claim in this action/proceeding, and DEC then resisted petitioners’ efforts to recover counsel fees and costs incurred as a result of its dilatory conduct. In our view, those facts demonstrate that the portion of the prior appeal relating to petitioners’ FOIL claim stemmed from “the very kinds of unreasonable delays and denials of access which the counsel fee provision seeks to deter,” and Supreme Court accordingly abused its discretion in declining to include the counsel fees and costs connected thereto in its award … . Matter of 101CO, LLC v New York State Dept. of Envtl. Conservation, 2020 NY Slip Op 07969, Third Dept 12-24-20

 

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THE NYC BOARD OF HEALTH’S RESOLUTION MANDATING VACCINATION AGAINST MEASLES IS VALID AND LAWFUL; THE OBJECTIONS RAISED ON RELIGIOUS GROUNDS WERE REJECTED BECAUSE THE RESOLUTION DID NOT SINGLE OUT, TARGET OR EVEN MENTION RELIGION (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, in a full-fledged, comprehensive opinion by Justice Scheinkman, determined the resolution by the NYC Board of Health mandating vaccination against measles was lawful and valid and did not violate petitioners’ freedom of religion. As a threshold matter the court considered the matter as an exception to the mootness doctrine, because measles outbreaks are likely to occur in the future:

On April 17, 2019, the Board of Health of the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene of the City of New York adopted a resolution stating that, due to the active outbreak of measles among people residing within certain areas of Brooklyn, any person over the age of six months who was living, working, or attending school or child care in the affected areas had to be immunized against measles, absent a medical exemption. Failure to comply was made punishable by fines authorized by law, rule, or regulation, for each day of noncompliance. The plaintiffs/petitioners (hereinafter the petitioners), residents of areas covered by the resolution, challenge its validity. We hold that the resolution was lawful and enforceable, reserving, however, whether any fine imposed upon violation is excessive. The resolution was within the authority of the Board of Health of the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene to make and the resolution itself did not violate any right of the petitioners, including their freedom of religion. * * *

The petitioners profess to hold religious beliefs that hold that a healthy body should not assimilate foreign objects, including vaccine ingredients … . * * *

The Board’s resolution does not target religion or single out religion; it does not even mention religion. There is absolutely no indication that the resolution was adopted for the purpose of infringing the petitioners’ religious practices or suppressing their religious views … . The resolution treats all persons equally, whether religious or not … . The resolution does not create any favored classes at all, much less ones that are secular rather than religious. As the resolution is religiously neutral and generally applicable, it is not subject to strict scrutiny. C.F. v New York City Dept. of Health & Mental Hygiene, 2020 NY Slip Op 07867, Second Dept 12-23-20

 

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THE DECRETAL PARAGRAPH OF THE APPELLATE DECISION REMITTING THE MATTER FOR RETRIAL DID NOT IMPOSE THE CONDITIONS ON RETRIAL WHICH WERE IMPOSED BY SUPREME COURT; NEW TRIAL ORDERED (SECOND DEPT).

The Second Department, reversing Supreme Court, determined the decretal paragraph in the appellate decision remitting the matter to Supreme Court did not impose restrictions on the issues to be retried:

“‘A trial court, upon remittitur, lacks the power to deviate from the mandate of the higher court”‘ … . “An order or judgment entered by the lower court on a remittitur ‘must conform strictly to the remittitur'” … . The language in the decretal paragraph controls the extent of the remittitur … .

Here, there is no limiting language in the decretal paragraph of our prior decision and order that would indicate that the new trial would be on issues of apportionment of liability among the defendants. Further, there is no language in that decretal paragraph indicating that the damages awards remain undisturbed. Accordingly, the Supreme Court should not have limited the new trial to issues of apportionment of liability among the defendants. Daniele v Pain Mgt. Ctr. of Long Is., 2020 NY Slip Op 07860, Second Dept  12-23-20

 

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CONSIDERING ALL THE MITIGATING FACTORS, DEFENDANT SHOULD HAVE BEEN ADJUDICATED A YOUTHFUL OFFENDER (FOURTH DEPT).

The Fourth Department, reversing defendant’s assault conviction in the interest of justice and adjudicating defendant a youthful offender, in a full-fledged, comprehensive opinion by Justice Troutman, determined mitigating factors supported youthful offender status. Defendant was attacked by another high school student and didn’t realize the victim, a teacher, had intervened. The defendant injured the teacher’s hand with a knife. The Fourth Department went through all the so-called Cruikshank mitigating factors (People v Cruickshank, 105 AD2d 325, 334 [3d Dept 1985]) and further noted the sentencing court did not abuse its discretion by considering additional factors not mentioned in Cruikshank. All involved, including the prosecutor, the victim and the probation department, had recommended a youthful offender adjudication:

In addition to the Cruickshank factors, the parties raised and the court considered additional matters related to equity and discrimination. We reject defendant’s contention that the court abused its discretion in considering matters outside the Cruickshank factors. The applicable precedent states that the factors that must be considered “include” those nine factors … , and thus, as a matter of logic, those factors were never meant to be an exhaustive list of considerations. We conclude that matters of equity and discrimination are appropriate for sentencing courts to consider. Although we do not conclude that the court abused its discretion, we urge future courts to consider whether a defendant may be facing discrimination based on protected characteristics such as race or gender and to take an intersectional approach by considering the combined effect of the defendant’s specific characteristics and any bias that may arise therefrom … . Here, the prosecutor employed appropriate and effective restorative justice techniques and advocated for the result he believed just. We note that “prosecutors have ‘special responsibilities . . . to safeguard the integrity of criminal proceedings and fairness in the criminal process’ ” … , and this prosecutor deserves to be commended for discharging those responsibilities here. People v Z.H., 2020 NY Slip Op 07824,, Fourth Dept 12-23-20

 

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WITNESS TAMPERING CONVICTION AFTER TRIAL REVERSED; NO CHARGES WERE PENDING AT THE TIME OF THE COMMUNICATIONS WITH THE WITNESS (FOURTH DEPT).

The Fourth Department, reversing the witness tampering conviction and dismissing the indictment, determined the evidence was legally insufficient:

On appeal from a judgment convicting him upon a jury verdict of tampering with a witness in the third degree … , defendant contends that the conviction is based upon legally insufficient evidence. We agree. Although the evidence established that defendant assaulted the victim in violation of an order of protection and a few days later left the victim voicemails threatening her with violence if she pressed charges against him, defendant had not yet been arrested or charged with a crime in connection with the violation of the order of protection at the time he left the voicemails. Thus, at that time, the victim was not “about to be called as a witness in a criminal proceeding” … . People v Diroma, 2020 NY Slip Op 07817, Fourth Dept 12-23-20

 

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THE APPEAL WAIVERS WERE NOT EXECUTED UNTIL SENTENCING AND WERE THEREFORE INVALID; ARGUMENTS ABOUT A LATE FILED OMNIBUS MOTION AND DEFENSE COUNSEL’S FAILURE TO FILE OMNIBUS MOTIONS DID NOT SURVIVE THE GUILTY PLEAS (FOURTH DEPT).

The Fourth Department determined the waivers of appeal were invalid and defendant’s arguments the court should have considered a late omnibus motion and defense counsel was ineffective for failing to file omnibus motions did not survive the guilty pleas:

The written waivers do not establish valid waivers because they were not executed until sentencing … and, even assuming, arguendo, that the written waivers had been executed at the time of the pleas, the court “failed to confirm that [defendant] understood the contents of the written waivers” … . …

Defendant contends in appeal No. 1 that the court abused its discretion in refusing to entertain, in the interest of justice and for good cause shown … , that part of his untimely omnibus motion seeking a Huntley hearing. We conclude, however, that defendant, by pleading guilty, forfeited appellate review of that contention. …

To the extent that defendant further contends in all three appeals that his first attorney’s failure to file a timely omnibus motion constituted ineffective assistance of counsel, we conclude under these circumstances that defendant’s contention likewise does not survive his guilty pleas. People v Parker, 2020 NY Slip Op 07747, Fourth Dept 12-23-20

 

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THE OMISSION OF NON-ELEMENTAL FACTUAL INFORMATION, HERE THE TIME OF THE INCIDENT, FROM THE WAIVER OF INDICTMENT FORM WAS A DEFECT WAIVED BY THE GUILTY PLEA (CT APP).

The Court of Appeals, reversing the Appellate Division, determined the omission of the time of the incident from the waiver of indictment form was a defect waived by the guilty plea:

Shortly after the Appellate Division rendered its decision, we held in People v Lang (34 NY3d 545, 567 [2019]) that any “omission from the indictment waiver form of non-elemental factual information that is not necessary for a jurisdictionally-sound indictment is [] forfeited by a guilty plea” and “must be raised in the trial court” … . The time of incident is not an element of second-degree criminal possession of a weapon (Penal Law § 265.03 [2]), and defendant was on notice of the crime charged. Therefore, Lang controls. People v Zaquan Walley, 2020 NY Slip Op 07691, CtApp 12-22-20

 

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UPWARD DEPARTURE SUPPORTED BY EVIDENCE DEFENDANT COMMITTED RAPE TO TAKE REVENGE UPON SOMEONE OTHER THAN THE VICTIM; THE FACT DEFENDANT HAD BEEN DEPORTED DID NOT RENDER THE APPEAL MOOT (CT APP).

The Court of Appeals, in a brief memorandum decision, upheld the Appellate Division’s finding that the upward departure was justified because it was based on a risk factor not addressed the Sex Offender Registration Act (SORA) Guidelines. The court noted that the fact defendant had been deported did not render the appeal moot:

Under the circumstances presented here, we reject the People’s argument that defendant’s appeal is rendered moot by his deportation … . On the merits, we conclude that it was not an abuse of discretion for the Appellate Division to sustain the upward departure based on the People’s proof that defendant raped the victim in order to take revenge upon someone other than the victim—a risk factor not adequately captured by the Guidelines. People v Rosario, 2020 NY Slip Op 07688, CtApp 12-22-20

 

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